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Chapter 20: Problem 37

Aqueous copper(II) sulfate solution is blue in color. When aqueous potassium fluoride is added, a green precipitate is formed. When aqueous potassium chloride is added instead, a bright-green solution is formed. Explain what is happening in these two cases.

Short Answer

Expert verified
In the presence of potassium fluoride, the copper(II) ions form copper(II) fluoride, which appears green as a precipitate. When potassium chloride is added, the copper ions react to form the complex ion \([CuCl_4]^{2-}\), which gives a bright green color to the solution.

Step by step solution

01

Reaction with Potassium Fluoride

When potassium fluoride is added to the blue copper(II) sulfate solution, a solid precipitate is formed. This is because a chemical reaction has occurred which forms copper(II) fluoride, which appears as a green solid in water due to the inherent properties of the copper ions. The resulting reaction equation can be formulated as: \( CuSO_4 + 2KF \rightarrow CuF_2(s) + K_2SO_4 \) The subscript 's' indicates that copper(II) fluoride is a solid precipitate.
02

Reaction with Potassium Chloride

When potassium chloride is added to the blue copper(II) sulfate solution, a bright-green solution is formed. This is due to the formation of the complex ion \([CuCl_4]^{2-}\), which gives the solution its bright green color. The copper ions in the solution react with the chloride ions from the potassium chloride to form this complex ion. The resulting reaction equation can be formulated as: \( CuSO_4 + 4KCl \rightarrow [CuCl_4]^{2-} + K_2SO_4 + 2K^+ \)
03

Explanation of Color Changes

The color changes in both reactions are due to the different chemical structures that the copper ions are involved in. In copper(II) fluoride, the copper ions are influenced by the fluoride ions, changing the way they absorb and reflect light and therefore the color we perceive. In the complex ion \([CuCl_4]^{2-}\), the copper ions are surrounded by four chloride ions, resulting in a different set of light absorption, thus giving us the bright green color.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

\(\left[\mathrm{Pt}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}\right]\) is found to exist in two geometric isomers designated I and II, which react with oxalic acid as follows: $$\begin{aligned}\mathrm{I}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4} & \longrightarrow\left[\mathrm{Pt}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{2} \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}\right] \\\\\mathrm{II}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4} & \longrightarrow\left[\mathrm{Pt}\left(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\right)_{2}\left(\mathrm{HC}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{4}\right)_{2}\right]\end{aligned}$$ Comment on the structures of I and II.

When aqueous potassium cyanide is added to a solution of copper(II) sulfate, a white precipitate, soluble in an excess of potassium cyanide, is formed. No precipitate is formed when hydrogen sulfide is bubbled through the solution at this point. Explain.

Write the formulas for each of these ions and compounds: (a) bis(ethylenediamine) dichlorochro\(\operatorname{mium}(\mathrm{III})\) (b) pentacarbonyliron(0), (c) potassium tetracyanocuprate(II), (d) tetraammineaquochlorocobalt(III) chloride.

A concentrated aqueous copper(II) chloride solution is bright green in color. When diluted with water, the solution becomes light blue. Explain.

Complex ion formation has been used to extract gold, which exists in nature in the uncombined state. To separate it from other solid impurities, the ore is treated with a sodium cyanide (NaCN) solution in the presence of air to dissolve the gold by forming the soluble complex ion \(\left[\mathrm{Au}(\mathrm{CN})_{2}\right]^{-}\). (a) Balance the following equation: $$\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{CN}^{-}+\mathrm{O}_{2}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow\left[\mathrm{Au}(\mathrm{CN})_{2}\right]^{-}+\mathrm{OH}^{-}$$ (b) The gold is obtained by reducing the complex ion with zinc metal. Write a balanced ionic equation for this process. (c) What is the geometry and coordination number of the \(\left[\mathrm{Au}(\mathrm{CN})_{2}\right]^{-}\) ion?
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