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Chapter 21: Problem 10

Define the units curie, \(\mathrm{rad}\), and \(\mathrm{rem}\).

Short Answer

Expert verified
Curie measures radioactivity, rad measures absorbed dose, and rem measures the biological effect of radiation.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Curie

The curie (Ci) is a unit used to measure radioactivity. It is defined as the amount of radioactive decay equivalent to 3.7 x 10^10 disintegrations per second. This unit is named after the famous scientist Marie Curie, who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity.
02

Understanding Rad

The rad (radiation absorbed dose) measures the amount of radiation energy absorbed by tissues. One rad equals 0.01 joules of energy absorbed per kilogram of material, or equivalently, 100 ergs per gram of material. It is a non-SI unit used mostly in the United States.
03

Understanding Rem

The rem (roentgen equivalent man) is a unit for measuring radiation dosage and the effect it has on human tissue. It is related to the biological effect of radiation, where 1 rem is equivalent to the biological effect of 1 rad of X-rays or gamma rays. The rem accounts for different radiation types having different effects on tissues.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Understanding Curie
In the realm of radioactivity, the *curie* is a fundamental unit used to measure how much a material emits radiation. A single curie corresponds to 3.7 x 10^10 disintegrations per second. This means that if you have a sample of a radioactive material, and it's undergoing 3.7 x 10^10 decay events every second, it is equivalent to one curie. The unit is named after Marie Curie, a pioneering figure in the field of radioactivity. Her work laid the groundwork for our understanding of radioactive substances today. Using curie, scientists can quantify the radioactivity of a sample, aiding both research and safety in environments where radiation is present.
Understanding Rad
The rad stands for radiation absorbed dose, a unit to measure absorbed radiation energy by tissue or material. Specifically, 1 rad represents the absorption of 0.01 joules of energy per kilogram of matter, or alternatively, 100 ergs per gram. Even though it's not based on the International System of Units (SI), the rad is still widely used, especially in regions like the United States. By using the rad, you can determine how much energy is being deposited into a material upon exposure to radiation. This is essential for assessing exposure in both medical applications and radiation protection scenarios.
Understanding Rem
The rem, or roentgen equivalent man, is a versatile unit for quantifying the effect radiation has on human tissue. It not only measures the absorbed dose but also considers the type of radiation and its specific impact on biological systems. Unlike other units which might only focus on energy absorbed, the rem factors in biological effects by using a quality factor. This is important because different types of radiation such as alpha, beta, and gamma rays impact human tissues in varied ways. Hence, 1 rem equates to the biological impact of 1 rad of X-rays or gamma rays, providing a standardized method to evaluate radiation's potential health effects on humans.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Certain stars obtain their energy from nuclear reactions such as $$ { }_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C}+{ }_{6}^{12} \mathrm{C} \longrightarrow{ }_{11}^{23} \mathrm{Na}+{ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H} $$ Explain in a sentence or two why this reaction might be expected to release energy.

Tellurium-123 is a radioactive isotope occurring in natural tellurium. The decay constant is \(1.7 \times 10^{-21} / \mathrm{s}\). What is the half-life in years?

Write the abbreviated notations for the following bombardment reactions. a. \({ }_{12}^{26} \mathrm{Mg}+{ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H} \longrightarrow{ }_{11}^{24} \mathrm{Na}+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}\) b. \({ }_{8}^{16} \mathrm{O}+{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n} \longrightarrow{ }_{7}^{16} \mathrm{~N}+{ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{p}\)

Actinium was discovered in uranium ore residues by Andr茅-Louis Debierne. Actinium-227 decays by emitting a single alpha particle. Write the nuclear equation for this decay.

You have an acquaintance who tells you that he is going to reduce his radiation exposure to zero. What examples could you present that would illustrate this to be an impossible goal?
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