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Chapter 21: Problem 43

Write the abbreviated notations for the following bombardment reactions. a. \({ }_{12}^{26} \mathrm{Mg}+{ }_{1}^{2} \mathrm{H} \longrightarrow{ }_{11}^{24} \mathrm{Na}+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}\) b. \({ }_{8}^{16} \mathrm{O}+{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n} \longrightarrow{ }_{7}^{16} \mathrm{~N}+{ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{p}\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Mg(d,Na)He; (b) O(n,p)N

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Reaction Format

In chemical reactions, including bombardment reactions, it's common to see an initial atom or particle bombarded by another particle. The products of this reaction are another atom or particle and potentially additional products. The reactions given include both the initial reactants and the products.
02

Identify the Reaction Components

For reaction (a): - Reactants: - Magnesium: - Symbol: \(\) _{12}^{26} \text{Mg} - Atomic number: 12 - Mass number: 26 - Deuterium: - Symbol: \(\) _{1}^{2} \text{H} - Atomic number: 1 - Mass number: 2- Products: - Sodium: - Symbol: \(\) _{11}^{24} \text{Na} - Atomic number: 11 - Mass number: 24 - Helium: - Symbol: \(\) _{2}^{4} \text{He} - Atomic number: 2 - Mass number: 4For reaction (b):- Reactants: - Oxygen: - Symbol: \(\)_{8}^{16} \text{O} - Atomic number: 8 - Mass number: 16 - Neutron: - Symbol: \({ }_{0}^{1} \text{n}\) - Atomic number: 0 - Mass number: 1- Products: - Nitrogen: - Symbol: \({ }_{7}^{16} \text{N}\) - Atomic number: 7 - Mass number: 16 - Proton: - Symbol: \({ }_{1}^{1} \text{p}\) - Atomic number: 1 - Mass number: 1
03

Write the Abbreviated Notation for Reaction (a)

In nuclear reactions, the abbreviated notation format is typically written as \[ \text{Reactant 1} (\text{Particle}, \text{Product}) \text{Reactant 2} \]Using this format for reaction (a):- Reactant 1 is Magnesium (Mg)- Particle is Deuterium (d)- Product is Sodium (Na)Abbreviated Notation for Reaction (a): \[ \text{Mg}(\text{d},\text{Na})\text{He} \]
04

Write the Abbreviated Notation for Reaction (b)

For reaction (b), we apply the same format:- Reactant 1 is Oxygen (O)- Particle that interacts with it is a neutron (n)- Resulting particle is a proton (p)Abbreviated Notation for Reaction (b): \[ \text{O}(\text{n},\text{p})\text{N} \]

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Bombardment Reactions
In the realm of nuclear chemistry, bombardment reactions are fundamental transformations where a nucleus is struck by another particle. This collision induces a nuclear transmutation, resulting in the conversion of elements into other elements or isotopes. Bombardment reactions are essential in various applications such as the production of new isotopes for research, medical applications, and even in nuclear energy production.
  • Reactants: These are typically a stable nucleus and a bombarding particle (like a neutron or a proton).
  • Products: The collision results in new products, which could include new elements, isotopes, or subatomic particles.
Understanding these reactions involves identifying all the components involved: the initial nucleus, the particle being used for bombardment, and the resulting nuclei or particles. Bombardment reactions are often used to gain insights into the nucleus's nature and to create elements that are otherwise not found in nature.
Abbreviated Notation
The language of nuclear reactions often employs abbreviated notation to depict these intricate interactions succinctly. This notation provides a compact way to convey complex reactions without the verbosity normally required.
  • The basic format follows: \[ \text{Reactant 1} (\text{Bombarding Particle}, \text{Product}) \text{Resulting Nucleus} \]
  • It highlights the initial reactant, the bombarding particle, and the key product of interest.
For example, in the exercise provided, the reaction \( \text{Mg} + \text{d} \rightarrow \text{Na} + \text{He} \) translates into the abbreviated form \( \text{Mg}(\text{d},\text{Na})\text{He} \). This simple notation helps in quickly understanding the fundamental changes happening within the reaction, making it a vital tool in the study of nuclear chemistry.
Nuclear Symbols
Nuclear symbols are shorthand notations used to represent elements and their isotopes in nuclear chemistry. They are crucial for clarity and precision in describing nuclear reactions. A nuclear symbol typically shows the element's chemical symbol, atomic number, and mass number in a compact form.
  • Element Symbol: Represented by the letter(s) associated with an element, like H for hydrogen or O for oxygen.
  • Atomic Number (Z): Positioned as a subscript, it denotes the number of protons in the nucleus.
  • Mass Number (A): This is written as a superscript, indicating the total number of protons and neutrons.
For instance, magnesium in the exercise is represented as \( _{12}^{26} \text{Mg} \), where 12 is the atomic number and 26 is the mass number. This concise notation helps scientists and students alike understand the nucleus's composition at a glance, facilitating their study of nuclear transformations.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

When technetium- \(99 m\) decays to technetium-99, a gamma photon corresponding to an energy of \(0.143 \mathrm{MeV}\) is emitted. What is the wavelength of this gamma emission? What is the difference in mass between Tc-99m and Tc-99?

Describe how a Geiger counter works. How does a scintillation counter work?

Write abbreviated notations for the following bombardment reactions. a. \({ }_{7}^{14} \mathrm{~N}+{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n} \longrightarrow{ }_{6}^{14} \mathrm{C}+{ }_{1}^{1} \mathrm{H}\) b. \({ }_{29}^{63} \mathrm{Cu}+{ }_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He} \longrightarrow{ }_{31}^{66} \mathrm{Ga}+{ }_{0}^{1} \mathrm{n}\)

Actinium was discovered in uranium ore residues by Andr茅-Louis Debierne. Actinium-227 decays by emitting a single alpha particle. Write the nuclear equation for this decay.

When considering the lifetime of a radioactive species, a general rule of thumb is that after 10 half-lives have passed, the amount of radioactive material left in the sample is negligible. The disposal of some radioactive materials is based on this rule. a. What percentage of the original material is left after 10 halflives? b. When would it be a bad idea to apply this rule?
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