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Chapter 28: Problem 22

What do the terms chemical messenger, target tissue, and hormone receptor mean?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Chemical messengers are signaling substances, target tissues respond to them, and hormone receptors facilitate this response.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Chemical Messenger

A chemical messenger refers to a substance produced and released by cells that transmit signals to other cells. These messengers are crucial for communication between cells and can be hormones, neurotransmitters, or other signaling molecules.
02

Defining Target Tissue

Target tissue is the specific group of cells or tissue that respond to a chemical messenger. These tissues have the necessary proteins or receptors that recognize and react to the chemical messenger, leading to a physiological change.
03

Exploring Hormone Receptor

A hormone receptor is a protein molecule located on the surface of or inside a cell. It binds to a specific hormone, enabling the cell to detect and respond to the hormone's signal. The interaction between a hormone and its receptor triggers a response in the target cell.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Hormones
Hormones are fascinating chemical messengers that play a vital role in the body's communication system. They are produced by glands in the endocrine system and travel through the bloodstream to reach various parts of the body. Once a hormone reaches its destination, it brings a specific message to the cells that are prepared to listen.

Here are some interesting facts about hormones:
  • Hormones regulate a wide range of biological processes, including growth, metabolism, and mood.
  • They can have long-lasting effects, even if they are present in very minute amounts in the bloodstream.
  • Diverse types of hormones exist, such as steroid hormones like cortisol and peptide hormones like insulin.
Understanding hormones is crucial as they impact nearly every function in the body, ensuring everything runs smoothly.
Target Tissue
Target tissues are specific locations in the body that respond to signals sent by hormones. When a hormone enters the bloodstream, not every cell can respond 鈥� only those with the appropriate receptors do. This selectivity is what defines a `target tissue`.

Consider these key points about target tissues:
  • Each hormone in the body has specific target tissues it influences, depending on the presence of its specific receptors.
  • Target tissues can include wide-ranging areas like muscles, glands, and organs.
  • The response elicited by target tissues can vary, leading to changes like muscle contraction or increased secretion of other substances.
Knowing about target tissues helps explain how hormones can exert their influence in a focused manner, affecting precise areas that need attention.
Hormone Receptors
Hormone receptors are like the body's communication switchboards. These proteins are found on the surface or inside of a cell, ready to interact with specific hormones. When they bind to their hormone, they set off a chain of events inside the cell, leading to a response.

Here's how hormone receptors function:
  • Each receptor is specific to a particular hormone, ensuring that only the correct signal is received.
  • Once a hormone binds to its receptor, it can either activate or inhibit cellular processes.
  • Receptors can also change in number and sensitivity, adapting to different hormone levels in the body.
By understanding hormone receptors, we gain insight into the intricate ways cells communicate and adapt, maintaining the body's overall balance and health.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In order of their involvement, name the three membranebound proteins involved in transmitting the epinephrine message across the cell membrane.

The phosphodiesterase that catalyzes hydrolysis of cyclic AMP is inhibited by caffeine. What overall effect would caffeine have on a signal that is mediated by cAMP?

Some drugs are classified as agonists, whereas others are classified as antagonists. (a) Sumatripan, sold as Imitrex, is effective in treating migraine headaches. It acts as an agonist at the serotonin receptor. Explain the effect Imitrex has on the serotonin receptor. (b) Ondansetron, sold as Zofran, acts on a subclass of serotonin receptors to inhibit nausea and vomiting; it is frequently prescribed to patients in chemotherapy. It acts as an antagonist at these receptors. Explain the effect Zofran has on these receptors.

What are endorphins? Where in the body are they found?

List two hormones that also function as neurotransmitters.
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