91Ó°ÊÓ

Locate and identify the functional groups in (a) propylene glycol, one of the major ingredients used in electronic cigarettes; (b) glutaric acid, produced in the body during the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan; (c) lactic acid, from sour milk; and (d) phenylalanine, an amino acid found in proteins.

Draw structures for molecules that fit the following descriptions: (a) \(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{O}\) containing an aldehyde functional group (b) \(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{O}\) containing a ketone functional group (c) \(\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{O}_{2}\) containing a carboxylic acid functional group

Draw the straight-chain isomer with the formula (a) \(\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{16}\) and (b) \(\mathrm{C}_{9} \mathrm{H}_{20}\).

There are two branched-chain isomers with the formula \(\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{16}\), where the longest chain in the molecule is six carbons long. Draw them.

Draw the following three isomers of \(\mathrm{C}_{5} \mathrm{H}_{12}\) as condensed structures:

Draw both condensed and line structures corresponding to the following IUPAC names and label each carbon as primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary. (a) 3-Methylhexane (b) 3,4 -Dimethyloctane (c) 2,2,4 -Trimethylpentane

Draw and name alkanes that meet the following descriptions: (a) A 5-carbon alkane with a tertiary carbon atom (b) A 7-carbon alkane that has both a tertiary and a quaternary carbon atom

Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of methane with oxygen (see Worked Example 5.3 for guidance).

Write the structures of all singly chlorinated products that form when 2,4 -dimethylpentane is reacted with \(\mathrm{Cl}_{2}\).

Draw line structures that represent the following IUPAC names: (a) 1,1 -Diethylcyclohexane (b) 1,3,5 -Trimethylcycloheptane