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Chapter 15: Problem 57

Name the type of organic compound from each description of the functional group: (a) polar group that has only single bonds and does not include \(\mathrm{O}\) or \(\mathrm{N} ;\) (b) group that is polar and has a triple bond; (c) group that has single and double bonds and is acidic in water; (d) group that has a double bond and must be at the end of a C chain.

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Haloalkane, (b) Alkyne, (c) Carboxylic acid, (d) Aldehyde.

Step by step solution

01

Identify Functional Group for Part (a)

The problem specifies a polar group with only single bonds and excludes oxygen and nitrogen. The functional group that fits this description is the haloalkane (alkyl halide), which has carbon single-bonded to a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I).
02

Identify Functional Group for Part (b)

The problem specifies a polar group with a triple bond. The group fitting this description is the alkyne, which has a carbon-carbon triple bond.
03

Identify Functional Group for Part (c)

The problem specifies a group with single and double bonds that is acidic in water. Carboxylic acids fit this description, as they contain a carbonyl (C=O) and a hydroxyl (O-H) group, making them acidic.
04

Identify Functional Group for Part (d)

The problem specifies a group with a double bond at the end of a carbon chain. The aldehyde functional group fits, as it has a carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom and resides at the end of the carbon chain.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

haloalkane
Haloalkanes (also known as alkyl halides) are organic compounds where a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) is bonded to a carbon atom. Haloalkanes are considered polar because the halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon, drawing electron density towards themselves.

Key Points about Haloalkanes:
  • They contain only single bonds.
  • They do not include oxygen or nitrogen atoms.
  • Common uses include solvents, refrigerants, and in the production of pharmaceuticals.
  • They can undergo nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions.
Understanding the structure and reactivity of haloalkanes is crucial in organic chemistry.

Haloalkane example: CH3-Cl (Chloromethane) is a simple haloalkane.
alkyne
Alkynes are organic compounds characterized by carbon-carbon triple bonds. They are part of the hydrocarbon family and are known for their reactivity.

Key Points about Alkynes:
  • The triple bond consists of one sigma bond and two pi bonds.
  • Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons, meaning they have fewer hydrogen atoms than alkanes and alkenes.
  • The simplest alkyne is ethyne (commonly known as acetylene), with the formula C2H2.
  • Alkynes can participate in addition reactions due to the presence of the reactive triple bond.
  • They have linear geometry around the triple bond, giving them a straight-line shape.
Familiarity with alkynes is essential for understanding organic synthesis and chemical reactivity.

Alkyne example: C2H2 (Ethyne/Acetylene) is the simplest alkyne.
carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acids are organic compounds containing a carboxyl group (--COOH). This group is made up of a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (O-H).

Key Points about Carboxylic Acids:
  • They are known for their acidity because the hydrogen in the --COOH group can ionize to form H+.
  • Carboxylic acids can form hydrogen bonds, leading to higher boiling points and solubility in water.
  • Common carboxylic acids include acetic acid (found in vinegar) and citric acid (found in citrus fruits).
  • They play a vital role in biochemical processes, such as the citric acid cycle.
  • Carboxylic acids can be synthesized through oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes.
Understanding carboxylic acids is key to grasping many biological and chemical processes.

Carboxylic Acid example: CH3COOH (Acetic Acid) is a widely known carboxylic acid.
aldehyde
Aldehydes are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. This positioning makes them highly reactive.

Key Points about Aldehydes:
  • The carbonyl group in aldehydes is always located at the end of the carbon chain.
  • Aldehydes tend to have distinctive, often pleasant, odors.
  • They are polar and can participate in hydrogen bonding due to the presence of the carbonyl group.
  • Common examples include formaldehyde (used in preserving biological specimens) and benzaldehyde (smells like almonds).
  • Aldehydes are intermediates in many organic synthesis reactions, including the production of alcohols and acids.
Understanding aldehydes is essential for studying organic reactions and chemical syntheses.

Aldehyde example: CH2O (Formaldehyde) is a simple and well-known aldehyde.

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