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Chapter 1: Problem 14

Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture. If a mixture, indicate whether it is homogeneous or heterogeneous: (a) milk, (b) beer, (c) diamond, (d) mayonnaise.

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Milk: Heterogeneous mixture, (b) Beer: Homogeneous mixture, (c) Diamond: Pure substance, (d) Mayonnaise: Homogeneous mixture.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Pure Substances

A pure substance consists of only one type of particle; it has a uniform composition and properties throughout. Pure substances can be elements or compounds. For this exercise, check if each item is made of only one type of particle or a combination.
02

Understanding Mixtures

Mixtures consist of two or more substances mixed together but not chemically combined. They can be classified into homogeneous mixtures, which have a uniform composition throughout (like solutions), and heterogeneous mixtures, which have a non-uniform composition.
03

Classify Milk

Milk is a mixture of water, fats, proteins, and lactose. Given that its components can vary and it can separate over time (forming layers of cream), it is a heterogeneous mixture.
04

Classify Beer

Beer is made from water, malt, hops, and yeast, which are mixed together in a uniform fashion. The resulting liquid is consistent throughout, making beer a homogeneous mixture.
05

Classify Diamond

A diamond is composed of carbon atoms that are bonded together in a crystal lattice. This means it is a pure substance because it consists of only one type of element.
06

Classify Mayonnaise

Mayonnaise is a mixture of oil, egg yolk, and vinegar or lemon juice. These components are blended together to form a consistent emulsion, meaning mayonnaise is a homogeneous mixture.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

pure substances
Pure substances are materials that are composed of only one kind of particle throughout. This means they have the same composition and chemical properties, no matter where you take the sample from. Furthermore, pure substances can be classified into two types: elements and compounds.

Elements are substances that consist of a single type of atom, for example, gold or oxygen. They cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by chemical means. Compounds, on the other hand, are substances made from two or more elements that are chemically bonded, like water (made from hydrogen and oxygen).
  • Uniform composition throughout
  • Classified as either elements or compounds
  • Cannot be separated into other substances by physical methods
homogeneous mixtures
Homogeneous mixtures, also known as solutions, are mixtures in which the components are evenly distributed throughout the mixture. This means that any sample taken from a homogeneous mixture will have the same composition. An example of a homogeneous mixture is saltwater.

These mixtures are so well mixed that the individual components are no longer distinguishable. This quality makes homogeneous mixtures different from their heterogeneous counterparts.
  • Uniform appearance and composition
  • Components are not distinguishable
  • Examples include air, vinegar, and sugar dissolved in water
heterogeneous mixtures
Heterogeneous mixtures are made up of components that are not uniformly distributed, meaning you can often see the different parts of the mixture. A classic example is a salad, where you can see and separate the lettuce, tomatoes, and cucumbers.

These mixtures can easily be separated into their individual parts because the substances do not chemically bond.
  • Non-uniform composition
  • Components are visibly distinct and separable
  • Examples include a salad and a rock with varied minerals
element
An element is a simple pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances through chemical reactions. Elements consist of only one kind of atom, each with the same number of protons in their nucleus, also known as the atomic number. The periodic table is a comprehensive chart of all known elements.

Each element has distinct properties like melting point and density. For example, helium is a light, inert gas at room temperature, whereas lead is a dense metal.
  • Consists of only one type of atom
  • Cannot be chemically broken down
  • Examples include gold, oxygen, and diamond (a form of carbon)
compound
Compounds are pure substances that are composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined in a fixed ratio. The properties of compounds are distinct from the elements that form them, due to the chemical changes that occur when they bond.

For example, water is a compound consisting of hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio. The molecules of a compound are identical, ensuring uniform composition throughout.
  • Chemical combination of elements
  • Uniform composition and distinct properties
  • Examples include salt (NaCl) and water (H鈧侽)

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A 30.0 -cm-long cylindrical plastic tube, sealed at one end, is filled with acetic acid. The mass of acetic acid needed to fill the tube is found to be \(89.24 \mathrm{~g}\). The density of acetic acid is \(1.05 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}\). Calculate the inner diameter of the tube in centimeters.

Give the chemical symbol or name for the following elements, as appropriate: (a) helium, (b) platinum, (c) cobalt, (d) \(t\) in, (e) silver, (f) Sb, \((\mathbf{g}) \mathrm{Pb}\), (h) \(\mathrm{Br}\) \(\mathrm{r},(\mathbf{i}) \mathrm{V},(\mathbf{j}) \mathrm{Hg}\).

Suppose you decide to define your own temperature scale with units of \(\mathrm{O}\), using the freezing point \(\left(13^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)\) and boiling point \(\left(360^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)\) of oleic acid, the main component of olive oil. If you set the freezing point of oleic acid as \(0^{\circ} \mathrm{O}\) and the boiling point as \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{O}\), what is the freezing point of water on this new scale?

(a) A sample of tetrachloroethylene, a liquid used in dry cleaning that is being phased out because of its potential to cause cancer, has a mass of \(40.55 \mathrm{~g}\) and a volume of \(25.0 \mathrm{~mL}\) at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). What is its density at this temperature? Will tetrachloroethylene float on water? (Materials that are less dense than water will float.) (b) Carbon dioxide \(\left(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\right)\) is a gas at room temperature and pressure. However, carbon dioxide can be put under pressure to become a "supercritical fluid" that is a much safer dry-cleaning agent than tetrachloroethylene. At a certain pressure, the density of supercritical \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is \(0.469 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .\) What is the mass of a 25.0-mL sample of supercritical \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) at this pressure?

The distance from Earth to the Moon is approximately \(240,000 \mathrm{mi} .\) (a) What is this distance in meters? (b) The peregrine falcon has been measured as traveling up to \(350 \mathrm{~km} /\) hr in a dive. If this falcon could fly to the Moon at this speed, how many seconds would it take? (c) The speed of light is \(3.00 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). How long does it take for light to travel from Earth to the Moon and back again? (d) Earth travels around the Sun at an average speed of \(29.783 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{s}\). Convert this speed to miles per hour.
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