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Chapter 7: Problem 53

Consider the first ionization energy of neon and the electron affinity of fluorine. (a) Write equations, including electron configurations, for each process. (b) These two quantities have opposite signs. Which will be positive, and which will be negative? (c) Would you expect the magnitudes of these two quantities to be equal? If not, which one would you expect to be larger?

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Ionization energy (Neon): Ne (\(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6\)) --> Ne^+ (\(1s^2 2s^2 2p^5\)) + e^-. Electron affinity (Fluorine): F (\(1s^2 2s^2 2p^5\)) + e^- --> F^- (\(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6\)). (b) Ionization energy of neon: positive, electron affinity of fluorine: negative. (c) Magnitudes are not equal; ionization energy of neon is larger.

Step by step solution

01

a) Write equations including electron configurations for each process.

For ionization energy (Neon): Ne --> Ne^+ + e^- Electron configuration of Neon (Ne): \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6\) Electron configuration of Ne^+ : \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^5\) For electron affinity (Fluorine): F + e^- --> F^- Electron configuration of Fluorine (F): \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^5\) Electron configuration of F^- : \(1s^2 2s^2 2p^6\)
02

b) Identify the signs of the two quantities

Ionization energy shows how much energy is needed to remove an electron from an atom, so it will always be positive. Electron affinity represents the energy change when an electron is added to an atom, and it usually has a negative value, meaning energy is released. So, ionization energy of neon will be positive, while the electron affinity of fluorine will be negative.
03

c) Determine if the magnitudes of the two quantities are equal and, if not, identify which one is larger.

The magnitudes of these two quantities are not equal. The ionization energy of neon would be larger, as neon is a noble gas and has a stable electron configuration; thus, it requires more energy to remove an electron from it. On the other hand, fluorine is one electron away from a full outer shell, and it releases energy when capturing an extra electron, resulting in a negative electron affinity. Since energy is released, the magnitude will be smaller compared to the ionization energy of neon.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Which of the following chemical equations is connected to the definitions of (a) the first ionization energy of oxygen, (b) the second ionization energy of oxygen, and (c) the electron affinity of oxygen? \((\mathbf{i})\mathrm{O}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{o}^{-}(g) \quad\) \((\mathbf{ii})\mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{o}^{+}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-}\) \((\mathbf{iii})\mathrm{O}(g)+2 \mathrm{e}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{2-}(g) \quad(\mathbf{i v}) \mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{2+}(g)+2 \mathrm{e}^{-}\) \((\mathbf{v}) \mathrm{O}^{+}(g) \longrightarrow \mathrm{O}^{2+}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-}\)

Zincin its \(2+\) oxidation state is an essential metal ion for life. \(\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}\) is found bound to many proteins that are involved in biological processes, but unfortunately \(\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}\) is hard to detect by common chemical methods. Therefore, scientists who are interested in studying \(\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}\) -containing proteins frequently substitute \(\mathrm{Cd}^{2+}\) for \(\mathrm{Zn}^{2+},\) since \(\mathrm{Cd}^{2+}\) is easier to detect. (a) On the basis of the properties of the elements and ions discussed in this chapter and their positions in the periodic table, describe the pros and cons of using \(\mathrm{Cd}^{2+}\) as a \(\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}\) substitute. (b) Proteins that speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions are called enzymes. Many enzymes are required for proper metabolic reactions in the body. One problem with using \(\mathrm{Cd}^{2+}\) to replace \(\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}\) in enzymes is that \(\mathrm{Cd}^{2+}\) substitution can decrease or even eliminate enzymatic activity. Can you suggest a different metal ion that might replace \(Z n^{2+}\) in enzymes instead of \(C d^{2+} ?\) Justify your answer.

(a) Use orbital diagrams to illustrate what happens when an oxygen atom gains two electrons. (b) Why does \(\mathrm{O}^{3-}\) not exist?

Consider the following equation: $$\mathrm{Ca}^{+}(g)+\mathrm{e}^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Ca}(g)$$ Which of the following statements are true? (i) The energy change for this process is the electron affinity of the Ca' ion. (ii) The energy change for this process is the negative of the first ionization energy of the Ca atom. (ii) The energy change for this process is the negative of the electron affinity of the Ca atom.

In April 2010, a research team reported that it had made Element 117. This discovery was confirmed in 2012 by additional experiments. Write the ground- state electron configuration for Element 117 and estimate values for its first ionization energy, electron afnity, atomic size, and common oxidation state based on its position in the periodic table.
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