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Chapter 6: Problem 74

For each element, indicate the number of valence electrons, core electrons, and unpaired electrons in the ground state: (a) nitrogen, (b) silicon, (c) chlorine.

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Nitrogen: 5 valence electrons, 2 core electrons, and 3 unpaired electrons. (b) Silicon: 4 valence electrons, 10 core electrons, and 2 unpaired electrons. (c) Chlorine: 7 valence electrons, 10 core electrons, and 1 unpaired electron.

Step by step solution

01

(a) Nitrogen

: 1. Determine the atomic number: Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7. 2. Write the electron configuration: For Nitrogen, the electron configuration is 1s虏 2s虏 2p鲁. 3. Analyze the electron configuration: - Valence electrons: There are 5 valence electrons in Nitrogen (2 from the 2s orbital and 3 from the 2p orbital). - Core electrons: There are 2 core electrons in Nitrogen (from the 1s orbital). - Unpaired electrons: There are 3 unpaired electrons in Nitrogen (from the 2p orbital).
02

(b) Silicon

: 1. Determine the atomic number: Silicon has an atomic number of 14. 2. Write the electron configuration: For Silicon, the electron configuration is 1s虏 2s虏 2p6 3s虏 3p虏. 3. Analyze the electron configuration: - Valence electrons: There are 4 valence electrons in Silicon (2 from the 3s orbital and 2 from the 3p orbital). - Core electrons: There are 10 core electrons in Silicon (2 from the 1s orbital, 2 from the 2s orbital, and 6 from the 2p orbital). - Unpaired electrons: There are 2 unpaired electrons in Silicon (from the 3p orbital).
03

(c) Chlorine

: 1. Determine the atomic number: Chlorine has an atomic number of 17. 2. Write the electron configuration: For Chlorine, the electron configuration is 1s虏 2s虏 2p6 3s虏 3p5. 3. Analyze the electron configuration: - Valence electrons: There are 7 valence electrons in Chlorine (2 from the 3s orbital and 5 from the 3p orbital). - Core electrons: There are 10 core electrons in Chlorine (2 from the 1s orbital, 2 from the 2s orbital, and 6 from the 2p orbital). - Unpaired electrons: There is 1 unpaired electron in Chlorine (from the 3p orbital).

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Most popular questions from this chapter

State where in the periodic table these elements appear: (a) elements with the valence-shell electron configuration \(n s^{2} n p^{5}\) (b) elements that have three unpaired \(p\) electrons (c) an element whose valence electrons are \(4 s^{2} 4 p^{1}\) (d) the \(d\)-block elements [Section 6.9]

Write the condensed electron configurations for the following atoms, using the appropriate noble-gas core abbreviations: (a) Cs, (b) Ni, (c) \(\mathrm{Se}\), (d) \(\mathrm{Cd}\), (e) \(\mathrm{U}\), (f) \(\mathrm{Pb}\).

The electron microscope has been widely used to obtain highly magnified images of biological and other types of materials. When an electron is accelerated through a particular potential field, it attains a speed of \(9.47 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). What is the characteristic wavelength of this electron? Is the wavelength comparable to the size of atoms?

Using Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, calculate the uncertainty in the position of (a) a \(1.50\)-mg mosquito moving at a speed of \(1.40 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) if the speed is known to within \(\pm 0.01 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\); (b) a proton moving at a speed of \((5.00 \pm 0.01) \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). (The mass of a proton is given in the table of fundamental constants in the inside cover of the text.)

A certain orbital of the hydrogen atom has \(n=4\) and \(l=2\). (a) What are the possible values of \(m_{l}\) for this orbital? (b) What are the possible values of \(m_{s}\) for the orbital?
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