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Chapter 11: Problem 71

It often happens that a substance possessing a smectic liquid crystalline phase just above the melting point passes into a nematic liquid crystalline phase at a higher temperature. Account for this type of behavior.

Short Answer

Expert verified
In summary, a substance transitions from a smectic liquid crystalline phase to a nematic liquid crystalline phase as the temperature increases because the added thermal energy disrupts the positional order within the layers present in the smectic phase. As the order breaks down, the substance loses its layered structure and transitions to the nematic phase, where molecules maintain a preferred orientation without the well-defined layers or positional order.

Step by step solution

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1. Understand the smectic liquid crystalline phase

A smectic liquid crystal phase is a phase in which the molecules of a substance align themselves into layers (with a well-defined average spacing between them), while maintaining a certain degree of positional order within the layers. This means that the molecules are organized in a more ordered fashion compared to the isotropic liquid phase, but they still possess some liquid-like behavior, which allows for some degree of translation and rotation.
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2. Understand the nematic liquid crystalline phase

A nematic liquid crystal phase is another type of liquid crystal phase in which the molecules of a substance align themselves with the same average orientation but without any layering or a well-defined positional order as in the smectic phase. This means that the nematic phase is more disordered than the smectic phase in terms of positional order, but it still maintains a preferred orientation for the molecules.
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3. Effects of temperature on liquid crystalline phases

The behavior and properties of liquid crystalline phases can be affected by temperature changes. Ab increasing temperature adds thermal energy to the system, which can disrupt the order present in the smectic and nematic phases. This additional energy can cause the molecules in the system to become more disordered and exhibit more liquid-like behavior.
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4. Transition from smectic to nematic phase as temperature increases

When the temperature of a substance with a smectic liquid crystalline phase increases, the thermal energy introduced into the system can disrupt the positional order of the layers present in the smectic phase. As the positional order within the layers breaks down, the substance starts losing its layered structure and might transition to a nematic phase, in which the molecules still maintain a preferred orientation, but without the positional order associated with the layers. This marks the transition from the smectic to the nematic phase as the temperature increases.
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5. Conclusion

In summary, the behavior of a substance transitioning from a smectic liquid crystalline phase to a nematic liquid crystalline phase as the temperature increases can be explained by the disruption of the positional order within the layers present in the smectic phase due to an increase in thermal energy. As this positional order breaks down, the substance loses its layered structure and transitions to a nematic phase, where the molecules only maintain an average orientation without the well-defined layers or positional order.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In dichloromethane, \(\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}(\mu=1.60 \mathrm{D})\), the dispersion force contribution to the intermolecular attractive forces is about five times larger than the dipole-dipole contribution. Compared to \(\mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{Cl}_{2}\), would you expect the relative importance of the dipole-dipole contribution to increase or decrease (a) in dibromomethane \((\mu=1.43 \mathrm{D})\), (b) in difluoromethane \((\mu=1.93 \mathrm{D})\) ? (c) Explain.

The boiling points, surface tensions, and viscosities of water and several alcohols are as follows: (a) For ethanol, propanol, and \(n\)-butanol the boiling points, surface tensions, and viscosities all increase. What is the reason for this increase? (b) How do you explain the fact that propanol and ethylene glycol have similar molecular weights ( 60 versus \(62 \mathrm{amu}\) ), yet the viscosity of ethylene glycol is more than 10 times larger than propanol? (c) How do you explain the fact that water has the highest surface tension but the lowest viscosity?

One of the attractive features of ionic liquids is their low vapor pressure, which in turn tends to make them nonflammable. Why do you think ionic liquids have lower vapor pressures than most room-temperature molecular liquids?

A watch with a liquid crystal display (LCD) does not function properly when it is exposed to low temperatures during a trip to Antarctica. Explain why the LCD might not function well at low temperature.

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