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Chapter 11: Problem 16

(a) Which is generally stronger, intermolecular interactions or intramolecular interactions? (b) Which of these kinds of interactions are broken when a liquid is converted to a gas?

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) Intramolecular interactions are generally stronger than intermolecular interactions. (b) Intermolecular interactions are the ones that are broken when a liquid is converted into a gas.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the difference between intermolecular and intramolecular interactions

Intermolecular interactions are forces that occur between different molecules. They help hold a substance together and determine various physical properties such as boiling and melting points, solubility, and viscosity. Intramolecular interactions, on the other hand, are forces that hold atoms together within a single molecule and involve chemical bonds like covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds.
02

Compare the strengths of intermolecular and intramolecular interactions

Generally, intramolecular interactions (chemical bonds) are stronger than intermolecular interactions. Intermolecular interactions typically range from \(10 - 40 \: kJ/mol\), whereas intramolecular interactions (covalent bonds) usually fall between \(150 - 1000 \: kJ/mol\). This is because intramolecular interactions involve the sharing or complete transfer of electrons between atoms in a molecule, while intermolecular interactions are a result of temporary electrostatic forces. (a) In conclusion, intramolecular interactions are generally stronger than intermolecular interactions.
03

Determine which interactions are broken when converting a liquid to a gas

When a liquid is converted to a gas, the process usually involves adding enough heat (energy) to overcome the intermolecular forces holding the substance together, causing them to separate and the substance to turn into gas. Note that intramolecular forces (chemical bonds) are not broken during this phase transition, as they require much more energy to be broken. (b) Thus, it is the intermolecular interactions that are broken when a liquid is converted into a gas.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

When an atom or a group of atoms is substituted for an \(\mathrm{H}\) atom in benzene \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{6}\right)\), the boiling point changes. Explain the order of the following boiling points: \(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{6}\left(80^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right), \mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{Cl}\) \(\left(132^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right), \mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{Br}\left(156^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right), \mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}\left(182^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)\).

Naphalene, \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{10} \mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{s}}\right)\) is the main ingredient in traditional mothballs. Its normal melting point is \(81^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), its normal boiling point is \(218^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), and its triple point is \(80^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) at \(1000 \mathrm{~Pa}\). Using the data, construct a phase diagram for naphthalene, labeling all the regions of your diagram.

As a metal such as lead melts, what happens to (a) the average kinetic energy of the atoms, (b) the average distance between the atoms?

(a) When you exercise vigorously, you sweat. How does this help your body cool? (b) A flask of water is connected to a vacuum pump. A few moments after the pump is turned on, the water begins to boil. After a few minutes, the water begins to freeze. Explain why these processes occur.

For many years drinking water has been cooled in hot climates by evaporating it from the surfaces of canvas bags or porous clay pots. How many grams of water can be cooled from 35 to \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) by the evaporation of \(60 \mathrm{~g}\) of water? (The heat of vaporization of water in this temperature range is \(2.4 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{g}\). The specific heat of water is \(4.18 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{g}-\mathrm{K}\).)
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