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Chapter 9: Problem 12

(a) Methane \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{4}\right)\) and the perchlorate ion \(\left(\mathrm{ClO}_{4}^{-}\right)\) are both described as tetrahedral. What does this indicate about their bond angles? (b) The \(\mathrm{NH}_{3}\) molecule is trigonal pyramidal, while \(\mathrm{BF}_{3}\) is trigonal planar. Which of these molecules is flat?

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) The bond angles in both methane (CH鈧�) and the perchlorate ion (ClO鈧勨伝) are 109.5掳, because they have a tetrahedral geometry. (b) The BF鈧� molecule is flat, while the NH鈧� molecule is not, as BF鈧� has a trigonal planar geometry and NH鈧� has a trigonal pyramidal geometry due to the presence of a lone pair of electrons.

Step by step solution

01

Tetrahedral Geometry

Both CH鈧� and ClO鈧勨伝 are described as having tetrahedral molecular geometries. This means that they have central atoms (C in CH鈧� and Cl in ClO鈧勨伝) surrounded by four bonded atoms, all positioned at the vertices of a regular tetrahedron.
02

Tetrahedral Bond Angles

The bond angles of a tetrahedral molecule are always 109.5掳. Since both CH鈧� and ClO鈧勨伝 are tetrahedral, the bond angles in both of these molecules will be 109.5掳. Answer to (a): The bond angles in both methane (CH鈧�) and the perchlorate ion (ClO鈧勨伝) are 109.5掳.
03

Understanding Trigonal Pyramidal and Trigonal Planar Geometry

NH鈧� has a trigonal pyramidal geometry, which means it has a central atom (N) surrounded by three bonded atoms (H) and a lone pair of electrons. The atoms are positioned at the vertices of a triangle, while the lone pair occupies the position above the central atom, forming a pyramid shape. BF鈧�, on the other hand, has a trigonal planar geometry - it has a central atom (B) surrounded by three bonded atoms (F) arranged at the vertices of an equilateral triangle, with all atoms lying in the same plane.
04

Determine Flat Molecules

From the geometries described in Step 3, we can see that NH鈧� is not flat because it has a pyramidal shape resulting from the presence of the lone pair of electrons. Conversely, BF鈧� is considered flat because the central atom and all the bonded atoms lie in the same plane. Answer to (b): The BF鈧� molecule is flat, while the NH鈧� molecule is not.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Predict whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar: (a) IF, (b) \(\mathrm{CS}_{2}\) (c) \(\mathrm{SO}_{3}\) (d) \(\mathrm{PCl}_{3}\) (e) \(\mathrm{SF}_{6}\) (f) \(\mathrm{IF}_{5}\)

(a) What is the physical basis for the VSEPR model? (b) When applying the VSEPR model, we count a double or triple bond as a single electron domain. Why is this justified?

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