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Chapter 24: Problem 14

What structural features help us identify a compound as (a) an alkane, (b) a cycloalkane, (c) an alkene, (d) an alkyne, (e) a saturated hydrocarbon, (f) an aromatic hydrocarbon?

Short Answer

Expert verified
The structural features that help identify hydrocarbons are: (a) Alkane: Presence of only single C-C bonds, general formula \(C_nH_{2n+2}\). (b) Cycloalkane: Closed ring structure with only single C-C bonds, general formula \(C_nH_{2n}\). (c) Alkene: At least one C=C bond, general formula \(C_nH_{2n}\). (d) Alkyne: At least one C鈮 bond, general formula \(C_nH_{2n-2}\). (e) Saturated hydrocarbon: Only single C-C bonds and absence of double/triple bonds (e.g., alkanes, cycloalkanes). (f) Aromatic hydrocarbon: Flat ring structure with alternating single and double bonds following the H眉ckel rule (4n+2 蟺 electrons).

Step by step solution

01

1. Identifying Alkane

An alkane is a hydrocarbon in which all carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds are single bonds. It has the general formula \(C_nH_{2n+2}\), where n is the number of carbons. To identify an alkane, look for the presence of only single C-C bonds and a corresponding number of hydrogen atoms.
02

2. Identifying Cycloalkane

A cycloalkane is a hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a closed ring structure, and all C-C bonds in the ring are single bonds. Its general formula is \(C_nH_{2n}\), where n is the number of carbon atoms in the ring. To identify a cycloalkane, look for a closed ring structure containing only single C-C bonds.
03

3. Identifying Alkene

An alkene is a hydrocarbon that has at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C). Its general formula is \(C_nH_{2n}\), where n is the number of carbon atoms. To identify an alkene, look for the presence of a C=C bond in the molecule.
04

4. Identifying Alkyne

An alkyne is a hydrocarbon that has at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (C鈮). Its general formula is \(C_nH_{2n-2}\), where n is the number of carbon atoms. To identify an alkyne, look for the presence of a C鈮 bond in the molecule.
05

5. Identifying Saturated Hydrocarbon

A saturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds, and there are no double or triple bonds. Alkanes and cycloalkanes are examples of saturated hydrocarbons. To identify a saturated hydrocarbon, look for the presence of only single C-C bonds and an absence of double or triple C-C bonds.
06

6. Identifying Aromatic Hydrocarbon

An aromatic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon with a planar (flat) ring structure containing alternating single and double bonds, which follow the H眉ckel rule of having 4n+2 蟺 electrons in the ring, where n is a whole number. The most common example of an aromatic hydrocarbon is benzene, with the formula \(C_6H_6\). To identify an aromatic hydrocarbon, look for a flat ring structure with alternating single and double bonds that follow the H眉ckel rule.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

(a) When cyclopropane is treated with HI, 1-iodopropane is formed. A similar type of reaction does not occur with cyclopentane or cyclohexane. How do you account for the reactivity of cyclopropane? (b) Suggest a method of preparing ethylbenzene, starting with benzene and ethylene as the only organic reagents.

The IUPAC name for a carboxylic acid is based on the name of the hydrocarbon with the same number of carbon atoms. The ending -oic is appended, as in ethanoic acid, which is the IUPAC name for acetic acid. Draw the structure of the following acids: (a) methanoic acid, (b) pentanoic acid, (c) 2-chloro-3-methyldecanoic acid.

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