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Chapter 18: Problem 6

Distinguish among salt water, freshwater, and groundwater. \([\) Section 18.3\(]\)

Short Answer

Expert verified
Salt water, freshwater, and groundwater can be distinguished based on their salt concentration, sources, and suitability for human consumption and use in agriculture. Salt water has high salt concentrations and is found in oceans, making it unsuitable for drinking and irrigation. Freshwater has low salt concentrations and is found in sources like rivers, lakes, ice caps, and groundwater, making it suitable for human consumption and agriculture. Groundwater, a type of freshwater, is specifically found in underground reservoirs called aquifers and can be accessed through wells for drinking and irrigation purposes.

Step by step solution

01

Define Salt Water

Salt water is water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts, typically sodium chloride (NaCl). The majority of the Earth's salt water is found in the oceans (approximately 97% of the total water on Earth), which have an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand (ppt).
02

Define Freshwater

Freshwater is water with a very low concentration of dissolved salts, usually less than 1 ppt (parts per thousand). It is essential for most life on Earth, as most organisms cannot survive in salt water. Freshwater can be found in various sources, such as rivers, lakes, and ice caps.
03

Define Groundwater

Groundwater is water that is stored beneath the Earth's surface in soil and rock layers. It is an important source of freshwater, as it often accumulates in underground reservoirs called aquifers. Groundwater can be accessed and used as a source of drinking water through wells.
04

Differentiate between Salt Water and Freshwater

The key difference between salt water and freshwater is the concentration of dissolved salts. Salt water has high concentrations of dissolved salts (typically around 35 ppt), whereas freshwater contains less than 1 ppt. Because of this, salt water is not suitable for drinking or use in irrigation, as it can damage plants and is generally unsafe for human consumption. Salt water is primarily found in oceans, while freshwater can be found in rivers, lakes, ice caps, and groundwater.
05

Differentiate between Freshwater and Groundwater

Freshwater is a general term that refers to all water with low concentrations of dissolved salts, while groundwater specifically refers to water found in underground reservoirs. Groundwater is a type of freshwater, but not all freshwater is groundwater. For instance, water in rivers, lakes, and ice caps is freshwater but is not considered as groundwater.
06

Differentiate between Salt Water and Groundwater

Salt water is characterized by high salt concentrations and is typically found in the oceans, while groundwater is a type of freshwater, meaning it has low salt concentrations and is found underground in soil and rock layers. Salt water is unsuitable for drinking and irrigation, whereas groundwater is a valuable source of drinking water and can be used for irrigation purposes. By following these steps, you can now distinguish among salt water, freshwater, and groundwater based on their salt concentration, sources, and suitability for human consumption and use in agriculture.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Salt Water
Salt water is water that contains a significant amount of dissolved salts, primarily sodium chloride (NaCl).
This type of water makes up about 97% of the Earth's water and is primarily found in oceans.
The salinity of ocean water is typically around 35 parts per thousand (ppt), which means that for every 1,000 grams of seawater, approximately 35 grams are salt.
  • This high concentration of salt makes it unsuitable for drinking or agriculture.
  • The salty nature of ocean water poses challenges for desalination, a process to remove salts to make fresh water available.
  • Marine organisms, including many species of fish and sea plants, have adapted to survive in salt water conditions.
Understanding salt water is important for issues like climate change, as the oceans play a key role in regulating Earth's climate by storing and distributing heat.
Freshwater
Freshwater is water that has a very low concentration of dissolved salts, typically less than 1 ppt.
This makes it ideal for supporting most terrestrial life, including humans, animals, and plants.
Freshwater is crucial for agricultural irrigation, drinking, and sanitation.
  • Sources of freshwater include rivers, lakes, ice caps, glaciers, and rainwater.
  • Freshwater ecosystems support diverse plant and animal life, providing habitats for various species.
  • The availability of freshwater is uneven across the globe, leading to scarcity issues in certain regions.
Freshwater conservation is vital due to its limited supply and essential role in sustaining life.
Despite its scarcity, freshwater represents a small fraction of the total water, making its management crucial for future survival.
Groundwater
Groundwater refers to water that lies beneath the Earth's surface, filling the porous spaces in soil and rock layers.
It is an integral source of freshwater and is stored in underground formations called aquifers.
  • Groundwater can be extracted using wells for various uses, including drinking water and irrigation.
  • This type of water forms a part of the water cycle, replenished by rainfall seepage and surface water infiltration.
  • Unlike surface water, groundwater can be trapped for long periods, sometimes centuries, without being exposed to the surface.
Maintaining a balance between groundwater withdrawal and replenishment is essential to prevent depletion.
Overuse or contamination of groundwater can lead to significant environmental and health issues, highlighting the need for sustainable management practices.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The average concentration of carbon monoxide in air in an Ohio city in 2006 was 3.5 ppm. Calculate the number of CO molecules in \(1.0 \mathrm{~L}\) of this air at a pressure of 759 torr and a temperature of \(22^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\).

The Henry's law constant for \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) in water at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) $$ \text { is } 3.1 \times 10^{-2} M \mathrm{~atm}^{-1} $$ (a) What is the solubility of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) in water at this temperature if the solution is in contact with air at normal atmospheric pressure? (b) Assume that all of this \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) is in the form of \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}\) produced by the reaction between \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) and \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}:\) $$ \mathrm{CO}_{2}(a q)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(l) \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}(a q) $$ What is the \(\mathrm{pH}\) of this solution?

Write balanced chemical equations for each of the following reactions: (a) The nitric oxide molecule undergoes photodissociation in the upper atmosphere. (b) The nitric oxide molecule undergoes photoionization in the upper atmosphere. (c) Nitric oxide undergoes oxidation by ozone in the stratosphere. (d) Nitrogen dioxide dissolves in water to form nitric acid and nitric oxide.

Bioremediation is the process by which bacteria repair their environment in response, for example, to an oil spill. The efficiency of bacteria for "eating" hydrocarbons depends on the amount of oxygen in the system, pH, temperature, and many other factors. In a certain oil spill, hydrocarbons from the oil disappeared with a first-order rate constant of \(2 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~s}^{-1}\). How many days did it take for the hydrocarbons to decrease to \(10 \%\) of their initial value?

The hydroxyl radical, \(\mathrm{OH}\), is formed at low altitudes via the reaction of excited oxygen atoms with water: $$ \mathrm{O}^{*}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{OH}(g) $$ (a) Write the Lewis structure for the hydroxyl radical. (Hint: It has one unpaired electron.) Once produced, the hydroxyl radical is very reactive. Explain why each of the following series of reactions affects the pollution in the troposphere: (b) \(\mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{NO}_{2} \longrightarrow \mathrm{HNO}_{3}\) (c) \(\mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{CO}+\mathrm{O}_{2} \longrightarrow \mathrm{CO}_{2}+\mathrm{OOH}\) \(\mathrm{OOH}+\mathrm{NO} \longrightarrow \mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{NO}_{2}\) (d) \(\mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{CH}_{4} \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{CH}_{3}\) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3}+\mathrm{O}_{2} \longrightarrow \mathrm{OOCH}_{3}\) \(\mathrm{OOCH}_{3}+\mathrm{NO} \longrightarrow \mathrm{OCH}_{3}+\mathrm{NO}_{2}\) (e) The concentration of hydroxyl radicals in the troposphere is approximately \(2 \times 10^{6}\) radicals per \(\mathrm{cm}^{3}\). This estimate is based on a method called long path absorption spectroscopy (LPAS), similar in principle to the Beer's law measurement discussed in the Closer Look essay on p. 564 , except that the path length in the LPAS measurement is \(20 \mathrm{~km}\). Why must the path length be so large?
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