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Chapter 21: Q11E (page 1203)

Question: Write a brief description or definition of each of the following:

(a) nucleon

(b) \(\alpha particle\)

(c) \(\beta \) particle

(d) positron

(e) \({\bf{\gamma - }}\)ray

(f) nuclide

(g) mass number

(h) atomic number

Short Answer

Expert verified

a) Nucleon is proton or neutron in the nucleus.

b)\(\alpha \)particle is nucleus of helium with 2 protons and 2 neutrons.

c)\(\beta \)particle is high energy electron.

d) Positron is a particle which is similar to electron, but with positive charge.

e)\(\gamma \)ray is particle with high energy and short wavelength.

f) Nucleide is an atomic species for which we know number of protons and neutrons and its state.

g) Mass number is the total mass of proton and neutron.

h) Atomic number is the number of protons.

Step by step solution

01

Step 1: Subpart a)

Nucleon is a particle which is present in the nucleus, in other word nucleons are protons and neutrons.

02

Subpart b)

\(\alpha \)-particle is divalent cation of helium, in other words it is nucleus of helium with 2 protons and 2 neutrons. We write it as: \(_2^4He or _2^4\alpha .\)

03

Step 3: Subpart c)

\(\beta \)Particle is electron which has high energy which is released during the radioactive decay of the unstable nucleus.

It is shown as: \(_{ - 1}^0e or _{ - 1}^0\beta .\)

04

Subpart d)

Positron is a particle which has the similar properties as electron, but the main difference between them is that positron has positive charge and it is an antiparticle. We write it as: \(_{ + 1}^0e or _{ + 1}^0\beta .\)

05

Step 5: Subpart e)

\(\gamma \) ray is part of the electromagnetic spectrum which has high energy and short wavelength and it shows wave-particle duality. We write it as: \(_0^0\gamma .\)

06

Step 6: Subpart f)

Nucleide is an atomic species characterized by the specific constitution of its nucleus (number of protons, number of neutrons) and its nuclear energy state.

07

Step 7: Subpart g)

Atomic Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

08

Step 8: Subpart h)

Atomic number of an element is the number of protons and it is equal to the number of electrons in an atom. Since atom is electrically neutral.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Question: What changes occur to the atomic number and mass of a nucleus during each of the following decay scenarios?

(a) \(an \alpha \)particle is emitted

(b) a\(\beta \)particle is emitted

(c) Y radiation is emitted

(d) a positron is emitted

(e) an electron is captured

A\({}_{\rm{4}}^{\rm{7}}{\rm{Be}}\) atom (mass\({\rm{ = 7}}{\rm{.0169 amu}}\)) decays into a\({}_{\rm{3}}^{\rm{7}}{\rm{Li}}\) atom (mass\({\rm{ = 7}}{\rm{.0160 amu}}\)) by electron capture. How much energy (in millions of electron volts, \({\rm{MeV}}\)) is produced by this reaction?

Isotopes such as\(^{26}{\rm{Al}}\)(half-life:\(7.2 \times {10^5}\)years) are believed to have been present in our solar system as it formed, but have since decayed and are now called extinct nuclides.

(a)\(^{26}{\rm{Al}}\)decays by\({\beta ^ + }\)emission or electron capture. Write the equations for these two nuclear transformations.

(b) The earth was formed about\(4.7 \times {10^9}\)(4.7 billion) years ago. How old was the earth when\(99.999999\% \)of the\(^{26}{\rm{Al}}\)originally present had decayed?

Question: Technetium-99 is prepared from \(^{98}Mo.\) Molybdenum- 98 combines with a neutron to give molybdenum-99, an unstable isotope that emits a \(\beta \) particle to yield an excited form of technetium-99, represented as \(^{99}T{c^*}.\) This excited nucleus relaxes to the ground state, represented as \(^{99}Tc,\) by emitting a \(\gamma \) ray. The ground state of \(^{99}Tc\) then emits a \(\beta \) particle. Write the equations for each of these nuclear reactions.

Iodine that enters the body is stored in the thyroid gland from which it is released to control growth and metabolism. The thyroid can be imaged if iodine\({\rm{ - 131}}\)is injected into the body. In larger doses, I\({\rm{ - 133}}\)is also used as a means of treating cancer of the thyroid. I\({\rm{ - 131}}\)has a half-life of\({\rm{8}}{\rm{.70}}\)days and decays by\({\rm{\beta - }}\)emission. (a) Write an equation for the decay. (b) How long will it take for\({\rm{95}}{\rm{.0\% }}\)of a dose of I\({\rm{ - 131}}\)to decay?
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