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Write resonance forms describing the distribution of electrons in each molecule or ion.

a) selenium dioxide, \({\rm{OSeO}}\)

(b) nitrate ion, \({\rm{NO}}_{\rm{3}}^{\rm{ - }}\)

(c) nitric acid, \({\rm{HN}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{3}}}\) (\({\rm{N}}\) is bonded to an \({\rm{OH}}\) group and two \({\rm{O}}\) atoms)

(d) benzene, \({{\rm{C}}_{\rm{6}}}{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{6}}}\):

(e) the formate ion:

Short Answer

Expert verified

The resonance forms for the following compounds are as follows –

(a) Selenium dioxide -

(b) Nitrate Ion –

(c) Nitric Acid –

(d) Benzene –

(e) Formate Ion –

Step by step solution

01

Concept Introduction

Resonance is a term used to describe delocalized electrons within molecules or ions where the bonding can`t be depicted using a single Lewis formula. Several resonance structures show a molecule or ion with delocalized electrons.

02

Resonance form of Selenium Dioxide

(a)

Below are the resonance forms of \({\rm{SeO}}_{\rm{2}}^{\rm{ - }}\)-

Therefore, the resonance forms of\({\rm{SeO}}_{\rm{2}}^{\rm{ - }}\) are obtained.

03

Resonance form of Nitrate Ion

(b)

Below are the resonance forms of \({\rm{NO}}_{\rm{3}}^{\rm{ - }}\) –

Therefore, the resonance forms of \({\rm{NO}}_{\rm{3}}^{\rm{ - }}\) are obtained.

04

Resonance form of Nitric Acid

(c)

Below are the resonance forms of \({\rm{HNO}}_{\rm{3}}^{\rm{ - }}\) –

Therefore, the resonance forms of \({\rm{HNO}}_{\rm{3}}^{\rm{ - }}\)are obtained.

05

Resonance form of Benzene

(d)

Below are the resonance forms of \({{\rm{C}}_{\rm{6}}}{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{6}}}\) –

Therefore, the resonance forms of \({{\rm{C}}_{\rm{6}}}{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{6}}}\) are obtained.

06

Resonance form of Formate Ion

(e)

Below are the resonance forms of formate ion –

Therefore, the resonance forms of formate ion are obtained.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The reaction of a metal, \({\rm{M}}\), with a halogen, \({{\rm{X}}_{\rm{2}}}\), proceeds by an exothermic reaction as indicated by this equation: \({\rm{M(s) + }}{{\rm{X}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{(g)}} \to {\rm{M}}{{\rm{X}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{(s)}}\). For each of the following, indicate which option will make the reaction more exothermic. Explain your answers.

(a) a large radius vs. a small radius for \({{\rm{M}}^{{\rm{ + 2}}}}\)

(b) a high ionization energy vs. a low ionization energy for \({\rm{M}}\)

(c) an increasing bond energy for the halogen

(d) a decreasing electron affinity for the halogen

(e) an increasing size of the anion formed by the halogen

Use the Molecule Shape simulator (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/16MolecShape) to build a molecule. Starting with the central atom, click on the double bond to add one double bond. Then add one single bond and one lone pair. Rotate the molecule to observe the complete geometry. Name the electron group geometry and molecular structure and predict the bond angle. Then click the check boxes at the bottom and right of the simulator to check your answers.

Determine the formal charge of each element in the following:

(a) \({\rm{HCl}}\)

(b) \({\rm{C}}{{\rm{F}}_{\rm{4}}}\)

(c) \({\rm{PC}}{{\rm{l}}_{\rm{3}}}\)

(d) \({\rm{P}}{{\rm{F}}_{\rm{5}}}\)

For which of the following substances is the least energy required to convert one mole of the solid into separate ions?

(a) \({\rm{MgO}}\)

(b) \({\rm{SrO}}\)

(c) \({\rm{KF}}\)

(d) \({\rm{CsF}}\)

(e) \({\rm{Mg}}{{\rm{F}}_{\rm{2}}}\)

Question: Using the standard enthalpy of formation data in Appendix G, show how the standard enthalpy of formation of \({\rm{HCl(g)}}\) can be used to determine the bond energy.

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