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Chapter 20: Q20.2 P (page 916)

Distinguish between the terms spontaneous and nonspontaneous. Can a nonspontaneous process occur? Explain.

Short Answer

Expert verified

Spontaneous processes occur naturally, and non-spontaneous process occurs with the help of an external force. A non-spontaneous process occurs as long as there is an external force applied.

Step by step solution

01

Concept Introduction.

A spontaneous process can move in a specific direction without the assistance of an external source of energy. When an external source of energy drives a non-spontaneous process, it moves in a specific direction.

02

Difference between Spontaneous and Non-Spontaneous.

A spontaneous reaction will occur naturally. For example, an ice melting in room temperature. A non-spontaneous reaction occurs with the help of external force or energy input. For example, lighting up a paper on fire. A person needs to ignite a fire for it to burn or else the reaction will not happen. A non-spontaneous reaction can occur as long as there is an external force or energy constantly supplied. A non-spontaneous reaction can also happen in the reverse reaction of a spontaneous one.

Therefore, spontaneous means naturally occurring and non-spontaneous occurs with the help of third-party force.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Propylene (propene;CH3CH = CH2 ) is used to produce polypropylene and many other chemicals. Although most is obtained from the cracking of petroleum, about2% is produced by catalytic dehydrogenation of propane ( CH3CH2CH3):

CH3CH2CH3鈫�Pt/Al2O3CH3CH = CH2+H2

Because this reaction is endothermic, heaters are placed between the reactor vessels to maintain the required temperature.

(a) If the molar entropyS掳, , of propylene is267.1 J/molK , find its entropy of formation, Sfo.

(b) Find 鈭�Gf掳of propylene (鈭�Hf掳for propylene= 20.4 kJ/mol).

(c) Calculate 鈭�Hrxn掳 and鈭�Grxn掳 for the dehydrogenation.

(d) What is the theoretical yield of propylene at 580掳C if the initial pressure of propane is 1.00atm?

(e) Would the yield change if the reactor walls were permeable toH2 ? Explain.

(f) At what temperature is the dehydrogenation spontaneous, with all substances in the standard state?

Use Appendix B to determine theKspofCaF2

(a) Is an endothermic reaction more likely to be spontaneous at higher temperatures or lower temperatures? Explain.

(b) The change depicted below occurs at constant pressure. Explain your answers to each of the following:

(1) What is the sign of 螖贬?

(2) What is the sign of 螖厂?

(3) What is the sign of 螖厂surr?

(4) How does the sign of螖骋vary with temperature?

Distinguish between the terms spontaneous and instantaneous. Give an example of a process that is spontaneous but very slow, and one that is very fast but not spontaneous.

Is each statement true or false? If false, correct it.

(a) All spontaneous reactions occur quickly.

(b) The reverse of a spontaneous reaction is nonspontaneous.

(c) All spontaneous processes release heat.

(d) The boiling of water at 100掳Cand 1 atm is spontaneous.

(e) If a process increases the freedom of motion of the particles of a system, the entropy of the system decreases.

(f) The energy of the universe is constant; the entropy of the universe decreases toward a minimum.

(g) All systems disperse their energy spontaneously.

(h) Both螖Ssysandrole="math" localid="1663321957929" 螖Ssurrequal zero at equilibrium.
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