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Chapter 20: Q20.1P (page 916)

Distinguish between the terms spontaneous and instantaneous. Give an example of a process that is spontaneous but very slow, and one that is very fast but not spontaneous.

Short Answer

Expert verified

Spontaneous happens naturally within some conditions. Instantaneous is an event occurring right away. An example of a process that is spontaneous but very slow is decay of Uranium-238, and one that is very fast but not spontaneous is an exploding dynamite.

Step by step solution

01

Concept Introduction.

A spontaneous reaction is one in which the energy is released suddenly and the reaction occurs quickly. Instant reaction releases free energy and transitions to a more stable state.

02

Difference between Spontaneous and Instantaneous.

A spontaneous process is one that occurs naturally under certain conditions. This means that reactants produced products on its own. All the decay processes occur spontaneously, Uranium-238 decay is an example of a spontaneous process that is very slow, exhibiting a half-life of more than four billion years.

An instantaneous process is obviously a process which occurs right away, virtually instantly. Something like this could be exploding dynamite. Time consumed for this reaction type less than time consumed of spontaneous reaction.

Therefore, spontaneous means naturally occurring and instantaneous means occurring right away.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Use Appendix B to determine theKspofCaF2

Propylene (propene;CH3CH = CH2 ) is used to produce polypropylene and many other chemicals. Although most is obtained from the cracking of petroleum, about2% is produced by catalytic dehydrogenation of propane ( CH3CH2CH3):

CH3CH2CH3鈫�Pt/Al2O3CH3CH = CH2+H2

Because this reaction is endothermic, heaters are placed between the reactor vessels to maintain the required temperature.

(a) If the molar entropyS掳, , of propylene is267.1 J/molK , find its entropy of formation, Sfo.

(b) Find 鈭�Gf掳of propylene (鈭�Hf掳for propylene= 20.4 kJ/mol).

(c) Calculate 鈭�Hrxn掳 and鈭�Grxn掳 for the dehydrogenation.

(d) What is the theoretical yield of propylene at 580掳C if the initial pressure of propane is 1.00atm?

(e) Would the yield change if the reactor walls were permeable toH2 ? Explain.

(f) At what temperature is the dehydrogenation spontaneous, with all substances in the standard state?

Which of the following processes are spontaneous?

(a) Methane burns in air.

(b) A teaspoonful of sugar dissolves in a cup of hot coffee.

(c) A soft-boiled egg becomes raw.

In the process of respiration, glucose is oxidized completely. In fermentation, O2is absent and glucose is broken down to ethanol and CO2. Ethanol is oxidized to CO2and H2O.

  1. Balance the following equations for these processes:

Respiration:C6H12O6(s)+O2(g)鈫�CO2(g)+H2O(l)

Fermentation:C6H12O6(s)鈫�C2H5OH(l)+CO2(g)

Ethanol oxidation:C2H5OH(l)+O2(g)鈫�CO2(g)+H2O(l)

  1. Calculate 螖骋rxnofor respiration of 1.00gglucose.
  2. Calculate 螖骋rxnofor fermentation of 1.00gglucose.
  3. Calculate 螖骋rxnofor oxidation of the ethanol from part (c).

Distinguish between the terms spontaneous and nonspontaneous. Can a nonspontaneous process occur? Explain.
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