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Chapter 16: Q16.19P (page 729)
Reaction rate is expressed in terms of changes in concentration of reactants and products. Write a balanced equation for
The balanced equation is as follows:
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Iodide ion reacts with chloromethane to displace chloride ion in a common organic substitution reaction:
(a) Draw a wedge-bond structure of chloroform and indicate the most effective direction of attack.
(b) The analogous reaction with 2-chlorobutane [Figure P16.107(b)] results in a major change in specific rotation as measured by polarimetry. Explain, showing a wedge-bond structure of the product.
(c) Under different conditions, 2-chlorobutane loses in a rate-determining step to form a planar intermediate [Figure P16.107(c)]. This cationic species reacts with HI and then loses H to form a product that exhibits no optical activity. Explain, showing a wedge-bond structure.
Consider the following organic reaction, in which one halogen replaces another in an alkyl halide:
In acetone, this particular reaction goes to completion because KI is soluble in acetone but KBr is not. In the mechanism, I approach the carbon opposite to the Br (see Figure 16.19, with
instead of OH- ). After Br- has been replaced by and precipitates as KBr, other I ions react with the ethyl iodide by the same mechanism.
(a) If we designate the carbon bonded to the halogen as C-1, what are the shapes around C-1 and the hybridization of C-1 in ethyl iodide?
(b) In the transition state, one of the two lobes of the unhybridized 2p orbital of C-1 overlaps a p orbital of I, while the other lobe overlaps a p orbital of Br. What are the shape around C-1 and the hybridization of C-1 in the transition state?
(c) The deuterated reactant, (where D is deuterium, 2 H), has two optical isomers because C-1 is chiral. If the reaction is run with one of the isomers, the ethyl iodide is not optically active. Explain
If the temperature in Problem 16.60 is increased to , by what factor does the fraction of collisions with energy equal to or greater than the activation energy change?
The decomposition of NOBr is studied manometrically because the number of moles of gas changes; it cannot be studied colorimetrically because both NOBr and Br2 are reddish-brown:
Use the data below to answer the following:
(a) Determine the average rate over the entire experiment.
(b) Determine the average rate between 2.00 and 4.00 s.
(c) Use graphical methods to estimate the initial reaction rate.
(d) Use graphical methods to estimate the rate at 7.00 s.
(e) At what time does the instantaneous rate equal the average rate over the entire experiment?
Time (s) | [NOBr] (mol/L) |
0.00 | 0.0100 |
2.00 | 0.0071 |
4.00 | 0.0055 |
6.00 | 0.0045 |
8.00 | 0.0038 |
10.00 | 0.0033 |
Although the depletion of stratospheric ozone threatens life on Earth today, its accumulation was one of the crucial processes that allowed life to develop in prehistoric times:
(a) Express the reaction rate in terms and
(b) At a given instant, the reaction rate in terms of is 2.17105 mol/L s. What is it in terms of?
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