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Chapter 12: 12.104P (page 497)

State two molecular characteristics of substances that typically form liquid crystals. How is each related to function?

Short Answer

Expert verified

Liquid crystal phases are cloudy in appearancewhich means that they scatter light in the same way as colloids.

Step by step solution

01

Definition

Liquid crystal is a matter that is intermediate between crystalline solids and conventional liquids.

The molecular characteristics that form liquid crystals are a rod-like molecular structure and strong dipoles and/or easily polarizable substituents.

02

Functions

A rod-like molecular structure keeps the molecules extended.

A molecular dipole is associated with the molecules to align along the director on a long-range basis.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

In the photoelectric effect, the work function (桅) is the minimum energy a photon must have to remove an electron from a metal surface (see Problem 7.70). For a given metal, 桅 depends on how and where the photon strikes the crystal. Copper adopts the face-centered cubic structure. If the photon strikes perpendicular to the unit cell鈥檚 face, 桅 is 4.59 eV; if perpendicular to a plane tangent to an edge, 桅 is 4.48 eV; and if perpendicular to a plane tangent to a corner, 桅 is 4.94 eV (1 eV = 1.602脳10-19J). Find the wavelength (in nm) of the lowest energy photon that can remove an electron from copper, and state how it strikes the unit cell.

The repeat unit in a polystyrene coffee cup has the formula C6H5CHCH2.If the molar mass of the polymer is3.5脳105g/mole g/mole, what is the degree of polymerization?

Bismuth is used to calibrate instruments employed in high-pressure studies because it has several well-characterized crystalline phases. Its phase diagram (right) shows the liquid phase and five solid phases that are stable above 1 katm (1000 atm) and up to 300掳颁 .

(a) Which solid phases are stable at25掳颁?

(b) Which phase is stable at 50 katm and175掳颁?

(c) As the pressure is reduced from 100 to 1 katm at200掳颁, what phase transitions does bismuth undergo?

(d) What phases are present at each of the triple points?

Distinguish between polarizability and polarity. How does each influence intermolecular forces?

Which forces oppose the vaporization of each substance?

(a) Hexane (b) Water (c) SiCl4

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