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Chapter 22: Problem 83

In your own words, define the following terms: (a) allotrope, (b) disproportionation, (c) interhalogen, (d) acidic anhydride, (e) condensation reaction.

Short Answer

Expert verified
(a) An allotrope is a different structural form of an element in the same physical state, such as diamond, graphite, and fullerene for carbon. (b) Disproportionation is a chemical reaction where a reactant is oxidized and reduced simultaneously, producing two products with different oxidation states. (c) An interhalogen compound contains two different halogen atoms and often has properties between the pure halogens, such as ClF or BrF3. (d) Acidic anhydrides are non-metal oxides that react with water to form acidic solutions, like sulfur trioxide forming sulfuric acid. (e) Condensation reactions involve two molecules combining to form a larger molecule, eliminating a small byproduct like water, as seen in the formation of esters.

Step by step solution

01

(a) Allotrope Definition

An allotrope is one of several different structural forms of an element in the same physical state. Allotropy occurs when an element can exist in multiple different crystalline or molecular structures due to variations in the arrangement of atoms. For example, carbon has various allotropes, such as diamond, graphite, and fullerene.
02

(b) Disproportionation Definition

Disproportionation is a type of chemical reaction where a single reactant is simultaneously oxidized and reduced, resulting in two different products. One of these products would have a higher oxidation state and the other a lower oxidation state than the original reactant. An example of such a reaction is the reaction of copper(I) oxide with water to form copper(II) oxide and copper metal: \(2 Cu_2O(s) + H_2O(l) \rightarrow 4 CuO(s) + Cu(s)\)
03

(c) Interhalogen Definition

An interhalogen compound is a type of binary chemical compound that contains two different halogen atoms, such as iodine and chlorine. Interhalogen compounds typically form when halogens with different electronegativities combine, such as chlorine monofluoride (ClF) or bromine trifluoride (BrF3). These compounds often have properties that lie between those of the pure halogens.
04

(d) Acidic Anhydride Definition

An acidic anhydride, also called an acid anhydride, is a non-metal oxide that reacts with water to form an acidic solution. Acidic anhydrides can be derived from the dehydration of inorganic acids or the splitting of an anhydride bond in an organic acid. For example, sulfur trioxide (SO3) is an acidic anhydride that reacts with water to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4): \(SO_3(g) + H_2O(l) \rightarrow H_2SO_4(l)\)
05

(e) Condensation Reaction Definition

A condensation reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, with the elimination of a small molecule as a byproduct, such as water or methanol. These reactions often occur when two functional groups, such as alcohol (-OH) and carboxylic acid (-COOH), react together to form an ester linkage, along with a water molecule as a byproduct. An example of such a reaction is the formation of ethyl acetate from ethanol and acetic acid: \(CH_3COOH + CH_3CH_2OH \rightarrow CH_3COOCH_2CH_3 + H_2O\)

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