Chapter 18: Problem 7
Describe the basic goals of green chemistry. [Section 18.7]
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Chapter 18: Problem 7
Describe the basic goals of green chemistry. [Section 18.7]
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The hydroxyl radical, \(\mathrm{OH}\), is formed at low altitudes via the reaction of excited oxygen atoms with water: $$ \mathrm{O}^{4}(g)+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}(g) \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{OH}(g) $$ (a) Write the Lewis structure for the hydroxyl radical (Hint: It has one unpaired electron.) Once produced, the hydroxyl radical is very reactive. Explain why each of the following series of reactions affects the pollution in the troposphere: (b) \(\mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{NO}_{2} \longrightarrow \mathrm{HNO}_{3}\) (c) \(\mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{CO}+\mathrm{O}_{2} \longrightarrow \mathrm{CO}_{2}+\mathrm{OOH}\) \(\mathrm{OOH}+\mathrm{NO} \longrightarrow \mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{NO}_{2}\) (d) \(\mathrm{OH}+\mathrm{CH}_{4} \longrightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{CH}_{3}\) \(\mathrm{CH}_{3}+\mathrm{O}_{2} \longrightarrow \mathrm{OOCH}_{3}\) \(\mathrm{OOCH}_{3}+\mathrm{NO} \longrightarrow \mathrm{OCH}_{3}+\mathrm{NO}_{2}\)
The precipitation of \(\mathrm{A} \mathrm{L}(\mathrm{OH})_{3}\left(K_{\text {sp }}=1.3 \times 10^{-33}\right.\) ) is sometimes used to purify water. (a) Estimate the \(\mathrm{pH}\) at wh?ch precipitation of \(\mathrm{Al}(\mathrm{OH})_{3}\) will begin if \(5.0 \mathrm{lb}\) of \(\mathrm{Al}_{2}\left(\mathrm{SO}_{4}\right)_{3}\) is added to \(2000 \mathrm{gal}\) of water. (b) Approximately how many pounds of \(\mathrm{CaO}\) must be added to the water to achieve this \(\mathrm{pH}\) ?
Draw the Lewis structure for the chlorofluorocarbon CFC-11, CFCly. What chemical characteristics of this substance allow it to effectively deplete stratospheric ozone?
The Baeyer-Villiger reaction is a classic organic oxidation reaction for converting ketones to lactones, as in this reaction: The reaction is used in the manufacture of plastics and pharmaceuticals. The reactant 3 -chloroperbenzoic acid is somewhat shock sensitive, however, and prone to explode Also, 3 -chlorobenzoic acid is a waste product. An alternative process being developed uses hydrogen peroxide and a catalyst consisting of tin deposited within a solid support. The catalyst is readily recovered from the reaction mixture. (a) What would you expect to be the other product of oxidation of the ketone to lactone by hydrogen peroxide? (b) What principles of green chemistry are addressed by use of the proposed process?
Natural gas consists primarily of methane, \(\mathrm{CH}_{4}(\mathrm{~g})\). (a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of methane to produce \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}(g)\) as the only carbon-containing product. (b) Write a balanced chemical equation for the incomplete combustion of methane to produce \(\mathrm{CO}(\mathrm{g})\) as the only carbon-containing product. (c) At \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(1.0 \mathrm{~atm}\) pressure, what is the minimum quantity of dry air needed to combust \(1.0 \mathrm{~L}\) of \(\mathrm{CH}_{4}(g)\) completely to \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}(g) ?\)
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