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Chapter 11: Problem 30

(a) Distinguish between adhesive forces and cohesive forces. (b) What adhesive and cohesive forces are involved when a paper towel absorbs water? (c) Explain the cause for the U-shaped meniscus formed when water is in a glass tube.

Short Answer

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(a) Adhesive forces are the forces between different types of molecules, while cohesive forces are the forces between like molecules. (b) When a paper towel absorbs water, adhesive forces cause water molecules to stick to the paper towel fibers, and cohesive forces hold the water molecules together. (c) The U-shaped meniscus in a glass tube is formed due to the stronger adhesive forces between water molecules and glass surface compared to the cohesive forces within the water molecules, causing the water to climb up the sides of the tube.

Step by step solution

01

Define Adhesive Forces

Adhesive forces are the forces that hold different types of molecules together. These forces occur between different types of molecules that come into close contact with one another. Some examples of adhesive forces include water droplets sticking to a glass surface, or glue bonding two different materials together.
02

Define Cohesive Forces

Cohesive forces are the forces that hold like molecules together, meaning they occur within the same type of material. Some examples of cohesive forces include water molecules sticking together or the forces holding together a solid piece of metal.
03

Identify Adhesive and Cohesive Forces Involved When a Paper Towel Absorbs Water

When a paper towel absorbs water, both adhesive and cohesive forces come into play. The adhesive forces are responsible for the water molecules sticking to the fibers of the paper towel, while the cohesive forces are the forces holding the water molecules together. The strength of the adhesive forces between the water and the paper towel fibers is greater than the cohesive forces within the water molecules, which allows the water to be absorbed by and spread throughout the paper towel.
04

Explain the Cause for the U-shaped Meniscus Formed When Water is in a Glass Tube

When water is placed in a glass tube, a U-shaped meniscus forms. This occurs due to the interaction between adhesive and cohesive forces. The adhesive forces between the water molecules and the glass surface are stronger than the cohesive forces within the water molecules, causing the water to stick to the glass and climb up the sides of the tube. This movement creates the U-shaped curve called the meniscus.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Ethylene glycol \(\left(\mathrm{HOCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}\right)\), the major substance in antifreeze, has a normal boiling point of \(198^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). By comparison, ethyl alcohol \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OH}\right)\) boils at \(78^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) at atmospheric pressure. Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{OCH}_{2} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OCH}_{3}\right)\) has a normal boiling point of \(83^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), and ethyl methyl ether \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{OCH}_{3}\right)\) has a normal boiling point of \(11^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). (a) Explain why replacement of a hydrogen on the oxygen by \(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\) generally results in a lower boiling point. (b) What are the major factors responsible for the difference in boiling points of the two ethers?

Compounds like \(\mathrm{CCl}_{2} \mathrm{~F}_{2}\) are known as chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs. These compounds were once widely used as refrigerants but are now being replaced by compounds that are believed to be less harmful to the environment. The heat of vaporization of \(\mathrm{CCl}_{2} \mathrm{~F}_{2}\) is \(289 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{g}\). What mass of this substance must evaporate to freeze \(200 \mathrm{~g}\) of water initially at \(15^{\circ} \mathrm{C} ?\) (The heat of fusion of water is \(334 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{g} ;\) the specific heat of water is \(4.18 \mathrm{~J} / \mathrm{g}-\mathrm{K}\).)

Based on what you have learned about intermolecular forces, would you say that matter is fundamentally attracted or repulsed by other matter?

Butane and 2 -methylpropane, whose space-filling models are shown, are both nonpolar and have the same molecular formula, yet butane has the higher boiling point \(\left(-0.5^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right.\) compared to \(\left.-11.7{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)\). Explain.

(a) Two pans of water are on different burners of a stove. One pan of water is boiling vigorously, while the other is boiling gently. What can be said about the temperature of the water in the two pans? (b) A large container of water and a small one are at the same temperature. What can be said about the relative vapor pressures of the water in the two containers?
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