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Chapter 1: Problem 55

What is meant by the terms composition and structure when referring to matter?

Short Answer

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Composition refers to the elements or substances that constitute a specific type of matter and their respective proportions, such as the two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom in a water molecule. Structure, on the other hand, describes the arrangement and bonding of the atoms or molecules within the matter, like the spatial arrangement of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule or the three-dimensional lattice of sodium and chloride ions in a sodium chloride crystal.

Step by step solution

01

Composition - Definition and Examples

Composition, when referring to matter, means the elements or substances that make up a particular type of matter and their respective proportions. For example, composition can be used to describe the elements and their proportions in a molecule, compound, or a mixture. Water (H鈧侽) has a composition of two hydrogen atoms (H) and one oxygen atom (O), while a mixture of nitrogen gas (N鈧�) and oxygen gas (O鈧�) may have a composition of 80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen, by volume.
02

Structure - Definition and Examples

Structure, when referring to matter, is the arrangement of the atoms or molecules that constitute the matter. Structure can be used to describe the way these atoms or molecules are bonded together and how they are spatially arranged. For example, a water molecule's structure consists of an oxygen atom centrally located, with two hydrogen atoms bonded to it at an angle of approximately 104.5掳. A crystal's structure could be described by the arrangement of its atoms, ions, or molecules in a regular, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions, such as in a sodium chloride (NaCl) crystal, where alternating sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) ions form a three-dimensional cubic lattice.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Label each of the following as either a physical process or a chemical process: (a) corrosion of aluminum metal, (b) melting of ice, (c) pulverizing an aspirin, (d) digesting a candy bar, (e) explosion of nitroglycerin.

Small spheres of equal mass are made of lead (density \(=11.3 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\) ), silver \(\left(10.5 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\right)\), and aluminum \(\left(2.70 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\right)\). Without doing a calculation, list the spheres in order from the smallest to the largest.

Suggest a method of separating each of the following mixtures into two components: (a) sugar and sand, (b) iron and sulfur.

(a) After the label fell off a bottle containing a clear liquid believed to be benzene, a chemist measured the density of the liquid to verify its identity. A 25.0-mL portion of the liquid had a mass of \(21.95 \mathrm{~g}\). A chemistry handbook lists the density of benzene at \(15^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) as \(0.8787 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}\). Is the calculated density in agreement with the tabulated value? (b) An experiment requires \(15.0 \mathrm{~g}\) of cyclohexane, whose density at \(25{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is \(0.7781 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mL}\). What volume of cyclohexane should be used? (c) A spherical ball of lead has a diameter of \(5.0 \mathrm{~cm}\). What is the mass of the sphere if lead has a density of \(11.34 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\) ? (The volume of a sphere is \(\left(\frac{4}{3}\right) \pi r^{3}\) where \(r\) is the radius.)

In the process of attempting to characterize a substance, a chemist makes the following observations: The substance is a silvery white, lustrous metal. It melts at 649 \({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and boils at \(1105{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) Its density at \(20{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is \(1.738 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} .\) The substance burns in air, producing an intense white light. It reacts with chlorine to give a brittle white solid. The substance can be pounded into thin sheets or drawn into wires. It is a good conductor of electricity. Which of these characteristics are physical properties, and which are chemical properties?
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