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Chapter 21: Problem 115

Radiation exposure leads to the ionization of water to \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}^{+},\) which reacts to form \(\mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}\) and \(\mathrm{OH}\). Draw Lewis structures for these three molecules or molecular ions.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Question: Draw the Lewis structures for \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}^{+}\), \(\mathrm{H}_{3}\mathrm{O}^{+}\), and \(\mathrm{OH}\), and describe the steps involved in creating these structures. Answer: The Lewis structures for the given molecules are as follows: \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}^{+}\): O / \ H H . \(\mathrm{H}_{3}\mathrm{O}^{+}\): O /|\ H H H \(\mathrm{OH}\): O / \ H .. .. To create these structures, follow these steps: 1. Determine the number of valence electrons for each element (H: 1, O: 6). 2. For the charged molecules, add or subtract electrons based on their charge. 3. Place the oxygen atom at the center and attach the hydrogen atoms. 4. Distribute the remaining valence electrons to complete the octet rule for oxygen (with exceptions in some cases).

Step by step solution

01

Determine valence electrons

Find the number of valence electrons for each element in the molecules. Hydrogen (H) has 1 valence electron, and oxygen (O) has 6 valence electrons.
02

Draw Lewis structure for \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}^{+}\)

For \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}^{+}\), we have 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom, so we start with 2 * 1 + 6 = 8 valence electrons. Since it has a positive charge, we subtract 1, which gives us 7 valence electrons to distribute. 1. Place the oxygen atom in the center and attach the 2 hydrogen atoms to it. 2. Distribute the remaining 5 valence electrons to complete the octet rule for oxygen. In this case, oxygen will only have 5 electrons around it, which is an exception. The Lewis structure for \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}^{+}\) is: O / \ H H .
03

Draw Lewis structure for \(\mathrm{H}_{3}\mathrm{O}^{+}\)

For \(\mathrm{H}_{3}\mathrm{O}^{+}\), we have 3 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom, so we start with 3 * 1 + 6 = 9 valence electrons. Since it has a positive charge, we subtract 1, which gives us 8 valence electrons to distribute. 1. Place the oxygen atom in the center and attach the 3 hydrogen atoms to it. 2. Distribute the remaining 5 valence electrons to complete the octet rule for oxygen. The Lewis structure for \(\mathrm{H}_{3}\mathrm{O}^{+}\) is: O /|\ H H H
04

Draw Lewis structure for \(\mathrm{OH}\)

For \(\mathrm{OH}\), we have 1 hydrogen atom and 1 oxygen atom, so we start with 1 * 1 + 6 = 7 valence electrons to distribute. 1. Place the oxygen atom in the center and attach the hydrogen atom to it. 2. Distribute the remaining 6 valence electrons to complete the octet rule for oxygen. The Lewis structure for \(\mathrm{OH}\) is: O / \ H .. ..

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Valence Electrons
Valence electrons are the outermost electrons in an atom. They play a crucial role in chemical bonding, as they are the ones involved in forming bonds between atoms. Each element has a specific number of valence electrons:
  • Hydrogen (H) has 1 valence electron.
  • Oxygen (O) has 6 valence electrons.
In the context of Lewis structures, knowing the number of valence electrons helps us determine how atoms share electrons to achieve stable configurations. For example, in the structure of \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}^{+}\), we must account for 7 valence electrons due to its positive charge, leading to a specific arrangement of atoms and electrons.
Ionization
Ionization refers to the process by which an atom or molecule gains or loses electrons, resulting in a charged ion. In the case of the molecules discussed:
  • \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}^{+}\) forms from \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}\) by losing an electron, resulting in a positive charge.
  • Similarly, \(\mathrm{H}_{3}\mathrm{O}^{+}\) is formed when \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}\) bonds with another hydrogen ion \(\mathrm{H}^{+}\).
Ionization changes the distribution of valence electrons, affecting how atoms bond together. For instance, the loss of an electron in \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}^{+}\) means fewer electrons to distribute, leading to an unconventional configuration where the octet rule isn't fully satisfied for the central oxygen.
Octet Rule
The octet rule is a fundamental concept in chemistry, stating that atoms tend to bond in such a way that they each end up with 8 valence electrons, achieving a noble gas-like configuration. This rule is a guiding principle in drawing Lewis structures:
  • In a typical scenario, oxygen, with its 6 valence electrons, aims to complete its octet by sharing electrons with hydrogen atoms.
  • Yet, in molecules like \(\mathrm{H}_{2}\mathrm{O}^{+}\) and \(\mathrm{OH}\), the octet rule might not be fully applied because of ionization or the presence of charges.
The \(\mathrm{H}_{3}\mathrm{O}^{+}\) ion, however, allows oxygen to satisfy the octet by sharing its valence electrons with three hydrogen atoms. Understanding these exceptions is crucial, as it highlights how electron distribution is sometimes adjusted due to external influences like charges.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Which isotope in each of the following pairs has more protons and which has more neutrons? (a) \(^{92}\) Mo or \(^{92} \mathrm{Zr}\) (b) \(^{28} \mathrm{Si}\) or \(^{28} \mathrm{Ar} ;\) (c) \(^{111}\) In or \(^{114} \mathrm{In}\).

Bombardment of a \({ }^{239} \mathrm{Pu}\) target with \(\alpha\) particles produces \({ }^{242} \mathrm{Cm}\) and another particle. a. Use a balanced nuclear equation to determine the identity of the missing particle. b. The synthesis of which other nuclide described in this chapter involves the same subatomic particles?

Dating Cave Paintings Cave paintings in Gua Saleh Cave in Borneo have been dated by measuring the amount of \(^{14} \mathrm{C}\) in calcium carbonate deposits that formed over the pigments used in the paint. The source of the carbonate ion was atmospheric \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\).a. What is the ratio of the \(^{14} \mathrm{C}\) radioactivity in calcium carbonate that formed 9900 years ago to that in calcium carbonate formed today? b. The archaeologists also used a second method, uranium-thorium dating, to confirm the age of the paintings by measuring trace quantities of these elements present as contaminants in the calcium carbonate. Shown below are two candidates for the U-Th dating method. Which isotope of uranium do you suppose was chosen? Explain your answer. $$\begin{aligned} &t_{1 / 2}=^{233} \mathrm{U} \quad 7.04 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{yr} \quad^{231} \mathrm{Th} \quad \rightarrow \quad^{231} \mathrm{p}_{2} \quad 3 \quad \rightarrow \quad\\\ &t_{1 / 2}=^{234} \mathrm{U} \quad \begin{array}{rl}\rightarrow & ^{230} \mathrm{Th} \\ 2.44 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{yr} & 7.7 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{hr}\end{array} \quad \begin{array}{rl} 226 \mathrm{p}_{2} & \rightarrow \\\1600 & \mathrm{yr}\end{array}\end{aligned}$$

How does the selection of an isotope for radiotherapy relate to (a) its half- life, (b) its mode of decay, and (c) the properties of the products of decay?

What is the difference between a level of radioactivity and a dose of radioactivity?
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