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Chapter 21: Problem 7

A polypeptide is also called a polyamide. Nylon is also an example of a polyamide. What is a polyamide? Consider a polyhydrocarbon, a polyester, and a polyamide. Assuming average chain lengths are equal, which polymer would you expect to make the strongest fibers and which polymer would you expect to make the weakest fibers? Explain.

Short Answer

Expert verified
A polyamide is a polymer containing amide functional groups formed by the reaction of an amine group and a carboxylic acid group. The strengths of polyamide, polyhydrocarbon, and polyester fibers depend on their intermolecular forces. Polyamides have the strongest fibers due to their stronger hydrogen bonding interactions, polyhydrocarbons have the weakest fibers since they rely on weak Van der Waals forces, and polyesters fall in between with stronger fibers than polyhydrocarbons but weaker than polyamides.

Step by step solution

01

Define Polyamide

A polyamide is a type of polymer containing amide functional groups, which are formed by the reaction of an amine group (NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (COOH). These polymers consist of repeating monomers linked by amide bonds. Polypeptides and nylon are common examples of polyamides.
02

Define Polyhydrocarbon

A polyhydrocarbon is a type of polymer consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms. These polymers are formed by the reaction of carbon-carbon double bonds in the monomers. Polyethylene and polypropylene are examples of polyhydrocarbons.
03

Define Polyester

A polyester is a type of polymer containing ester functional groups (COO), formed by the reaction of an alcohol group (OH) with a carboxylic acid group (COOH). These polymers consist of repeating monomers linked by ester bonds. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a well-known example of a polyester.
04

Strengths Comparison

To determine the strengths of these fibers, we need to consider the intermolecular forces acting between their polymer chains. Stronger intermolecular forces would lead to stronger fibers. The main types of intermolecular forces are Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and dipole-dipole interactions. Polyhydrocarbons rely on Van der Waals forces, which are relatively weak. This result in weaker fibers compared to polyamides and polyesters. Polyesters have ester linkages, but the presence of oxygen in the ester groups may lead to some dipole-dipole and/or hydrogen bonding interactions. These interactions are stronger than Van der Waals forces, resulting in stronger fibers than polyhydrocarbons. Polyamides have amide linkages that allow for stronger hydrogen bonding due to the presence of nitrogen atoms with lone pairs of electrons. This leads to stronger intermolecular forces and stronger fibers compared to both polyhydrocarbons and polyesters.
05

Conclusion

Considering the average chain lengths are equal, polyamides would be expected to make the strongest fibers, due to their stronger hydrogen bonding interactions. Polyhydrocarbons would be expected to make the weakest fibers, as they only rely on relatively weak Van der Waals forces. Polyesters would be in the middle, with stronger fibers than polyhydrocarbons but weaker fibers than polyamides.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

For each of the following, fill in the blank with the correct response(s). All of the following pertain to nucleic acids. a. The substance in the nucleus of the cell that stores and transmits genetic information is DNA, which stands for _________ b. The basic repeating monomer units of DNA and RNA are called _______ c. The pentose deoxyribose is found in DNA, whereas ________is found in RNA. d. The basic linkage in DNA or RNA between the sugar molecule and phosphoric acid is a phosphate _______ linkage. e. The bases on opposite strands of DNA are said to be __________ to each other, which means the bases fit together specifically by hydrogen bonding to one another. f. In a strand of normal DNA, the base__________is always always found paired with cytosine. g. A given segment of the DNA molecule, which contains the molecular coding for a specific protein to be synthesized, is referred to as a _______ h. During protein synthesis, ______RNA molecules attach to and transport specific amino acids to the appropriate position on the pattern provided by _______RNA molecules. i. The codes specified by ________are responsible for assembling the correct primary structure of proteins.

The change of a single base in the DNA sequence for normal hemoglobin can encode for the abnormal hemoglobin giving rise to sickle cell anemia. Which base in the codon for glu in DNA is replaced to give the codon(s) for val? (See Exercises 93 and \(109 .\) )

Which of the noncyclic isomers of bromochloropropene are optically active?

Draw all structural and geometrical (cis-trans) isomers of \(\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{7} \mathrm{F}\). Ignore any cyclic isomers.

Integrative Problems. These problems require the integration of multiple concepts to find the solutions. An organometallic compound is one containing at least one metal-carbon bond. An example of an organometallic species is \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2}\right) \mathrm{MBr},\) which contains a metal-cthyl bond. How does the hybridization of the starred carbon atom change, if at all, in going from reactants to products? c. What is the systematic name of the product? (Hint: In this shorthand notation, all the \(\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{H}\) bonds have been eliminated and the lines represent \(\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}\) bonds, unless shown differently. As is typical of most organic compounds, cach carbon atom has four bonds to it and the oxygen atoms have only two bonds.) a. If \(\mathrm{M}^{2+}\) has the electron configuration \([\mathrm{Ar}] 3 d^{10},\) what is the percent by mass of \(\mathrm{M}\) in \(\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{CH}_{2}\right) \mathrm{MBr} ?\) b. A reaction involving \(\left(\mathrm{CH}, \mathrm{CH}_{2}\right) \mathrm{MBr}\) is the conversion of a ketone to an alcohol as illustrated here:
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