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Chapter 18: Problem 10

A recent study concluded that any amount of radiation exposure can cause biological damage. Explain the differences between the two models of radiation damage, the linear model and the threshold model.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The linear model (LNT) suggests a linear relationship between radiation exposure and biological damage, meaning any radiation exposure, even small doses, can cause proportional damage. The threshold model, however, proposes a threshold level below which no significant biological damage occurs, as the body can repair damage from low levels of radiation. Key differences include: 1) LNT assumes any radiation exposure causes damage, while threshold assumes negligible risk at low doses; 2) LNT suggests proportionality between exposure and damage, while the threshold model does not; and 3) LNT does not account for the body's repair ability, while the threshold model does.

Step by step solution

01

Linear Model of Radiation Damage

The linear model, also known as the linear no-threshold model (LNT), suggests that there is a linear relationship between the amount of radiation exposure and the biological damage it causes. This means that any increase in radiation exposure will result in a proportional increase in biological damage, and it suggests that any amount of radiation, even very small doses, can lead to some biological damage.
02

Threshold Model of Radiation Damage

The threshold model proposes that there is a certain level of radiation exposure, called the threshold, below which there is no significant biological damage. According to this model, the body can repair damage caused by low levels of radiation, and only when the radiation exposure surpasses the threshold level will significant damage occur. This model assumes that the risks of radiation exposure are negligible at low doses and only become significant when the exposure reaches or exceeds the threshold.
03

Key Differences between the Linear and Threshold Models

1. The linear model assumes that any amount of radiation exposure, even very small doses, can cause biological damage, whereas the threshold model assumes that the risks of radiation exposure are negligible at low doses and only become significant when the exposure reaches or exceeds the threshold. 2. The linear model suggests a proportional relationship between radiation exposure and biological damage, while the threshold model does not have such a linear relationship, as it only considers damage significant above a certain threshold. 3. The linear model does not take into account the body's ability to repair the biological damage caused by low levels of radiation, whereas the threshold model attributes a threshold level to the body's ability to repair the damage before significant harm occurs. In conclusion, the linear model and the threshold model of radiation damage represent two different ways of understanding the relationship between radiation exposure and biological damage. The linear model suggests that any amount of radiation exposure can lead to proportional damage, while the threshold model implies that there is a certain level of exposure below which the risks are negligible.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Much of the research on controlled fusion focuses on the problem of how to contain the reacting material. Magnetic fields appear to be the most promising mode of containment. Why is containment such a problem? Why must one resort to magnetic fields for containment?

The most significant source of natural radiation is radon-222. \(^{222} \mathrm{Rn},\) a decay product of \(^{238} \mathrm{U},\) is continuously generated in the earth's crust, allowing gaseous Rn to seep into the basements of buildings. Because \(^{222} \mathrm{Rn}\) is an \(\alpha\) -particle producer with a relatively short half-life of 3.82 days, it can cause biological damage when inhaled. a. How many \(\alpha\) particles and \(\beta\) particles are produced when \(^{238} \mathrm{U}\) decays to \(^{222} \mathrm{Rn} ?\) What nuclei are produced when \(^{222} \mathrm{Rn}\) decays? b. Radon is a noble gas so one would expect it to pass through the body quickly. Why is there a concern over inhaling \(^{222} \mathrm{Rn} ?\) c. Another problem associated with \(^{222} \mathrm{Rn}\) is that the decay of \(^{222} \mathrm{Rn}\) produces a more potent \(\alpha\) -particle producer \(\left(t_{1 / 2}=\right.\) 3.11 min) that is a solid. What is the identity of the solid? Give the balanced equation of this species decaying by \(\alpha\) particle production. Why is the solid a more potent \(\alpha\) -particle producer? d. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends that \(^{222}\) Rn levels not exceed 4 pCi per liter of air (1 \(\mathrm{Ci}=1\) curie \(=3.7 \times 10^{10}\) decay events per second; \(1 \mathrm{pCi}=1 \times 10^{-12} \mathrm{Ci}\). Convert \(4.0 \mathrm{pCi}\) per liter of air into concentrations units of \(^{222} \mathrm{Rn}\) atoms per liter of air and moles of \(^{222}\) Rn per liter of air.

The easiest fusion reaction to initiate is $$\frac{2}{1} \mathrm{H}+\frac{3}{1} \mathrm{H} \longrightarrow_{2}^{4} \mathrm{He}+\frac{1}{0} \mathrm{n}$$ Calculate the energy released per \(\frac{4}{2} \mathrm{He}\) nucleus produced and per mole of \(^{4}_{2}\) He produced. The atomic masses are \(\frac{2}{1} \mathrm{H}\) \(2.01410 \mathrm{u} ; \frac{3}{1} \mathrm{H}, 3.01605 \mathrm{u} ;\) and \(\frac{4}{2} \mathrm{He}, 4.00260 \mathrm{u} .\) The masses of the electron and neutron are \(5.4858 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{u}\) and \(1.00866 \mathrm{u}\) respectively.

Write balanced equations for each of the processes described below. a. Chromium- \(51,\) which targets the spleen and is used as a tracer in studies of red blood cells, decays by electron capture. b. Iodine-131, used to treat hyperactive thyroid glands, decays by producing a \(\beta\) particle. c. Phosphorus- \(32,\) which accumulates in the liver, decays by \(\beta\) -particle production.

Many elements have been synthesized by bombarding relatively heavy atoms with high-energy particles in particle accelerators. Complete the following nuclear equations, which have been used to synthesize elements. a. \(\quad+\frac{4}{2} H e \rightarrow 243 B k+\frac{1}{0} n\) b. \(^{238} \mathrm{U}+^{12}_{6} \mathrm{C} \rightarrow$$\quad$$+6_{0}^{1} n\) c. \(^{249} \mathrm{Cf}+$$\quad$$\rightarrow \frac{260}{105} D b+4 \frac{1}{6} n\) d. \(^{249} \mathrm{Cf}+^{10}_{5} \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \frac{257}{153} \mathrm{Lr}+\)__________
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