Chapter 9: Problem 57
Describe the bonding in the \(\mathrm{O}_{3}\) molecule and the \(\mathrm{NO}_{2}^{-}\) ion using the localized electron model. How would the molecular orbital model describe the \(\pi\) bonding in these two species?
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Chapter 9: Problem 57
Describe the bonding in the \(\mathrm{O}_{3}\) molecule and the \(\mathrm{NO}_{2}^{-}\) ion using the localized electron model. How would the molecular orbital model describe the \(\pi\) bonding in these two species?
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Use the MO model to determine which of the following has the smallest ionization energy: \(\mathrm{N}_{2}, \mathrm{O}_{2}, \mathrm{~N}_{2}^{2-}, \mathrm{N}_{2}^{-}, \mathrm{O}_{2}^{+} .\) Explain your answer.
Bond energy has been defined in the text as the amount of energy required to break a chemical bond, so we have come to think of the addition of energy as breaking bonds. However, in some cases the addition of energy can cause the formation of bonds. For example, in a sample of helium gas subjected to a high-energy source, some \(\mathrm{He}_{2}\) molecules exist momentarily and then dissociate. Use MO theory (and diagrams) to explain why \(\mathrm{He}_{2}\) molecules can come to exist and why they dissociate.
The three \(\mathrm{NO}\) bonds in \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\) are all equivalent in length and strength. How is this explained even though any valid Lewis structure for \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\) has one double bond and two single bonds to nitrogen?
Carbon monoxide (CO) forms bonds to a variety of metals and metal ions. Its ability to bond to iron in hemoglobin is the reason that \(\mathrm{CO}\) is so toxic. The bond carbon monoxide forms to metals is through the carbon atom: \(\mathrm{M}-\mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{O}\) a. On the basis of electronegativities, would you expect the carbon atom or the oxygen atom to form bonds to metals? b. Assign formal charges to the atoms in CO. Which atom would you expect to bond to a metal on this basis? c. In the MO model, bonding MOs place more electron density near the more electronegative atom. (See the HF molecule in Figs. \(9.42\) and \(9.43 .\) Antibonding MOs place more electron density near the less electronegative atom in the diatomic molecule. Use the MO model to predict which atom of carbon monoxide should form bonds to metals.
Using the molecular orbital model, write electron configurations for the following diatomic species and calculate the bond orders. Which ones are paramagnetic? Place the species in order of increasing bond length and bond energy. a. \(\mathrm{CO}\) b. \(\mathrm{CO}^{+}\) c. \(\mathrm{CO}^{2+}\)
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