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Describe the bonding in the \(\mathrm{O}_{3}\) molecule and the \(\mathrm{NO}_{2}^{-}\) ion using the localized electron model. How would the molecular orbital model describe the \(\pi\) bonding in these two species?

Short Answer

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The bonding in O鈧 and NO鈧傗伝 molecules can be described using the localized electron model, where the central atoms form two sigma (蟽) bonds using sp虏 hybrid orbitals and a delocalized pi (蟺) bond using p orbitals in resonance over all three atoms. This results in a partial double bond character between all three atoms and a bent VSEPR structure. The molecular orbital model describes the 蟺 bonding in these species as a delocalized bond formed by the overlap of the p orbitals of the involved atoms, contributing to the stability of the molecules.

Step by step solution

01

Determine the Lewis structures for O鈧 and NO鈧傗伝

First, we need to draw the Lewis structures for O鈧 and NO鈧傗伝 molecules. For O鈧, the Lewis structure is: \[ \underset{ : }{ O } - \overset{ + }{ \underset{ : }{ O } } - \overset{ - }{ \underset{ : }{ O } } \] For NO鈧傗伝 ion, the Lewis structure is: \[ \underset{ : }{ N } - \overset{ + }{ \underset{ : }{ O } } - \overset{ - }{ \underset{ : }{ O } } \]
02

Determine the VSEPR structure and hybridization for O鈧 and NO鈧傗伝

Using the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory, we can see that both molecules have one central atom with two other atoms attached and one lone pair of electrons. Therefore, both molecules have a bent VSEPR structure. The hybridization of both central atoms in O鈧 and NO鈧傗伝 is sp虏.
03

Describe bonding in O鈧 and NO鈧傗伝 using the localized electron model

In the localized electron model, we consider electron pairs to be localized between the bonded atoms. In both O鈧 and NO鈧傗伝 molecules, the central atoms form two sigma (蟽) bonds using their sp虏 hybrid orbitals, and one pi (蟺) bond using their remaining p orbital. The 蟺 bond in both molecules is delocalized over the three atoms in a resonance structure, resulting in a partial double bond character between all three atoms.
04

Describe the 蟺 bonding in O鈧 and NO鈧傗伝 using the molecular orbital model

In the molecular orbital model, we consider the molecular orbitals formed by the combination of atomic orbitals. In O鈧 and NO鈧傗伝, the 蟺 bonding results from the overlap of the p orbitals on the three atoms involved. This creates a delocalized 蟺 bond which extends over all three atoms, effectively lowering the energy of the molecule and stabilizing it. In summary, the localized electron model describes the bonding in O鈧 and NO鈧傗伝 using sigma bonds formed by sp虏 hybrid orbitals and a delocalized 蟺 bond using p orbitals, which are in resonance over the three atoms. The molecular orbital model describes the same 蟺 bonding as a delocalized bond that results from the overlap of the p orbitals of the involved atoms, contributing to molecular stability.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Use the MO model to determine which of the following has the smallest ionization energy: \(\mathrm{N}_{2}, \mathrm{O}_{2}, \mathrm{~N}_{2}^{2-}, \mathrm{N}_{2}^{-}, \mathrm{O}_{2}^{+} .\) Explain your answer.

Bond energy has been defined in the text as the amount of energy required to break a chemical bond, so we have come to think of the addition of energy as breaking bonds. However, in some cases the addition of energy can cause the formation of bonds. For example, in a sample of helium gas subjected to a high-energy source, some \(\mathrm{He}_{2}\) molecules exist momentarily and then dissociate. Use MO theory (and diagrams) to explain why \(\mathrm{He}_{2}\) molecules can come to exist and why they dissociate.

The three \(\mathrm{NO}\) bonds in \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\) are all equivalent in length and strength. How is this explained even though any valid Lewis structure for \(\mathrm{NO}_{3}^{-}\) has one double bond and two single bonds to nitrogen?

Carbon monoxide (CO) forms bonds to a variety of metals and metal ions. Its ability to bond to iron in hemoglobin is the reason that \(\mathrm{CO}\) is so toxic. The bond carbon monoxide forms to metals is through the carbon atom: \(\mathrm{M}-\mathrm{C} \equiv \mathrm{O}\) a. On the basis of electronegativities, would you expect the carbon atom or the oxygen atom to form bonds to metals? b. Assign formal charges to the atoms in CO. Which atom would you expect to bond to a metal on this basis? c. In the MO model, bonding MOs place more electron density near the more electronegative atom. (See the HF molecule in Figs. \(9.42\) and \(9.43 .\) Antibonding MOs place more electron density near the less electronegative atom in the diatomic molecule. Use the MO model to predict which atom of carbon monoxide should form bonds to metals.

Using the molecular orbital model, write electron configurations for the following diatomic species and calculate the bond orders. Which ones are paramagnetic? Place the species in order of increasing bond length and bond energy. a. \(\mathrm{CO}\) b. \(\mathrm{CO}^{+}\) c. \(\mathrm{CO}^{2+}\)

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