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Chapter 1: Problem 17

Do the following statements describe chemical or physical properties? (a) Oxygen gas supports combustion. (b) Fertilizers help to increase agricultural production. (c) Water boils below \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) on top of \(\mathrm{a}\) mountain. (d) Lead is more dense than aluminum. (e) Uranium is a radioactive element.

Short Answer

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(a) Chemical (b) Chemical (c) Physical (d) Physical (e) Chemical

Step by step solution

01

Analyzing Statement (a)

Oxygen gas supports combustion. Combustion is a chemical reaction that usually happens with oxygen and results in the release of heat and light. Thus, this statement describes a chemical property.
02

Analyzing Statement (b)

Fertilizers help to increase agricultural production. Fertilizers provide essential plant nutrients thereby improving productivity which is actually a use, not a physical or chemical property. However, on a deeper note, they bring about this change by modifying the chemical property of the soil. Thus, the action of fertilizers could be seen as a chemical property.
03

Analyzing Statement (c)

Water boils below \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) on top of a mountain. Boiling point is a physical property, not a chemical one, as the water does not go through a chemical change when it boils (it remains water before and after the boiling process). Thus, this statement describes a physical property.
04

Analyzing Statement (d)

Lead is more dense than aluminum. Density is a physical property as it defines the amount of mass per unit volume of the substance without a change in the chemical composition. Thus, this statement describes a physical property.
05

Analyzing Statement (e)

Uranium is a radioactive element. Radioactivity refers to the spontaneous emission of radiation by an unstable atomic nucleus, a process that involves a change in the composition of the nucleus and is thus a chemical property. Thus, this statement describes a chemical property.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Chemical Properties
Chemical properties are characteristics of a substance that can only be observed or measured when a chemical change occurs. They refer to a substance's ability to undergo certain chemical reactions or to change into different substances. For instance:
  • Combustion: When a substance like oxygen supports a combustion process, it's illustrating a chemical property because the substance reacts to create new compounds, often releasing energy.
  • Corrosion: Some metals, like iron, rust when exposed to moisture, showing their chemical property of reacting with oxygen.
Chemical properties are essential for identifying substances and predicting their reactions in different environments.
Physical Properties
Physical properties describe the quality or conditions of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's chemical identity. They help us understand how a material behaves. Some common physical properties include:
  • Color and Density: Visual appearance and mass per volume measurements that don't affect the substance鈥檚 composition.
  • Boiling and Melting Points: Temperatures at which a substance transitions between states of matter like solid to liquid or liquid to gas, without chemical changes.
Physical properties are crucial for classifying materials and determining their uses and suitability for various applications.
Boiling Point
The boiling point of a substance is a specific physical property. It refers to the temperature at which a liquid turns into a vapor and equals the atmospheric pressure surrounding it. Water, for instance, boils at different temperatures depending on the atmospheric pressure:
  • At sea level: Water boils at 100掳C because the atmospheric pressure is 1 atm.
  • On a mountain: Water boils below 100掳C due to lower atmospheric pressure, meaning it's easier for water molecules to escape into the air as vapor.
Understanding boiling points is critical in scenarios like cooking and understanding weather phenomena.
Density
Density is a fundamental physical property that measures how much mass is contained in a given volume of a substance. It's calculated using the formula: \(\text{Density} = \frac{\text{mass}}{\text{volume}} \)This property provides insights into material properties:
  • Metal Comparison: Metals like lead and aluminum have their own densities, with lead being denser than aluminum. This explains why lead sinks rapidly in water compared to aluminum.
  • Material Identification: Different substances can be identified or distinguished based on density measurements.
Density plays a vital role in engineering, designing objects, and understanding buoyancy.
Radioactivity
Radioactivity is a chemical property involving the emission of radiation from the nuclei of unstable atoms. It occurs naturally in elements like uranium. This process includes the transformation of elements:
  • Alpha and Beta Decay: During these types of decay, the unstable atom emits particles or energy to stabilize the nucleus, leading to the formation of a different element.
  • Gamma Radiation: Involves releasing excess energy from the nucleus without changing the atomic number, but still showing instability.
Radioactivity is important in fields like nuclear energy, medicine (such as in cancer treatments), and archaeological dating.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Write the numbers represented by the following prefixes: (a) mega-, (b) kilo- (c) deci-, (d) centi-, (e) milli-, (f) micro- (g) nano- (h) pico-

Ammonia gas is used as a refrigerant in large-scale cooling systems. The density of ammonia gas under certain conditions is \(0.625 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{L}\). Calculate its density in \(g / \mathrm{cm}^{3}\)

The average speed of helium at \(25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is \(1255 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) Convert this speed to miles per hour (mph).

One gallon of gasoline in an automobile's engine produces on the average \(9.5 \mathrm{~kg}\) of carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas, that is, it promotes the warming of Earth's atmosphere. Calculate the annual production of carbon dioxide in kilograms if there are 250 million cars in the United States and each car covers a distance of \(5000 \mathrm{mi}\) at a consumption rate of 20 miles per gallon.

Venus, the second closest planet to the sun, has a surface temperature of \(7.3 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~K}\). Convert this temperature to \({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\).
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