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Chapter 2: Problem 94

Carbohydrates, a class of compounds containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, were originally thought to contain one water \(\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)\) molecule for each carbon atom present. The carbohydrate glucose contains six carbon atoms. Write a general formula showing the relative numbers of each type of atom present in glucose.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The general formula for glucose, based on the assumption that it contains one water molecule for each carbon atom present, is \(\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6\).

Step by step solution

01

Identify the number of carbon atoms in glucose

Glucose has six carbon atoms, which can be represented as C6.
02

Determine the number of water molecules

As mentioned, carbohydrates were thought to contain one water molecule (H2O) for each carbon atom present. Therefore, glucose must have six water molecules since there are six carbon atoms.
03

Determine the number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms

In each water molecule, there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. With six water molecules, we will have: - Hydrogen atoms: 6 x 2 = 12 - Oxygen atoms: 6 x 1 = 6
04

Write the general formula for glucose

Combine the information from steps 1-3 to write the general formula for glucose. We have: - Carbon atoms: C6 - Hydrogen atoms: H12 - Oxygen atoms: O6 So, the general formula for glucose is \(\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6\).

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Glucose
Glucose is one of the most important carbohydrates in biology. It is a simple sugar, also known as a monosaccharide. Glucose is crucial as it serves as a primary source of energy for cells. It is found naturally in fruits and is also a part of the blood sugar in animals. The energy released by glucose during metabolism is essential for numerous cellular processes, from muscle contraction to photosynthesis in plants. Due to its importance, understanding the composition and structure of glucose is critical in both biology and chemistry.
Chemical formula
Chemical formulas represent the kinds and numbers of atoms in a molecule or compound. For glucose, the chemical formula is \[\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6\]Each symbol in the formula represents a different element, and the numbers following each symbol indicate how many atoms of that element are in one molecule of glucose. Formulas are a concise way of conveying important information about the molecular makeup without using words. Understanding these formulas helps in grasping how different atoms combine and interact, which is foundational knowledge in chemistry.
Carbon atoms
Carbon atoms are the building blocks of organic matter. In glucose, there are six carbon atoms. Carbon's ability to form four covalent bonds makes it incredibly versatile, allowing for the formation of complex molecules like glucose. These six carbon atoms in glucose are arranged in a ring structure, which is common among sugars. This ring structure is significant as it influences the molecule's function and how it interacts with other biological molecules, such as the facilitation of energy production in the cell.
Hydrogen atoms
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe. In glucose, there are twelve hydrogen atoms. These hydrogen atoms are part of the water molecules that traditionally were thought to be associated with carbohydrates. The hydrogen atoms are crucial in biochemical processes as they are involved in the formation of the molecule's shape and stability. They also play a significant role in energy storage and transfer within cells, as hydrogen bonds are a key component in the structure of many biological molecules.
Oxygen atoms
Oxygen is another crucial component of glucose, with six oxygen atoms present. Oxygen atoms in glucose are involved in forming bonds with both carbon and hydrogen atoms.
  • These bonds are responsible for the molecule's shape and structural integrity.
  • The oxygen atoms also play a pivotal role in cellular respiration, a process that releases energy from glucose.
Their role in the breakdown of glucose to release energy makes oxygen vital for life, signifying its profound impact on both the structure and function of carbohydrates like glucose.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in each of the following atoms or ions? a. \(_{12}^{24} \mathrm{Mg}\) b. \(_{12}^{24} \mathrm{Mg}^{2+}\) c. \(_{27}^{59} \mathrm{Co}^{2+}\) d. \(_{27}^{59} \mathrm{Co}^{3+}\) e. \(_{2}^{59} \mathrm{Co}\) f. \(_{34}^{79} \mathrm{Se}\) g. \(_{34}^{79} \mathrm{Se}^{2-}\) h. \(_{28}^{63} \mathrm{Ni}\) i. \(_{28}^{59} \mathrm{Ni}^{2+}\)

Four \(\mathrm{Fe}^{2+}\) ions are key components of hemoglobin, the protein that transports oxygen in the blood. Assuming that these ions are \(^{53} \mathrm{Fe}^{2+},\) how many protons and neutrons are present in each nucleus, and how many electrons are present in each ion?

Name each of the following compounds. Assume the acids are dissolved in water. a. \(\mathrm{HC}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}_{2}\) b. \(\mathrm{NH}_{4} \mathrm{NO}_{2}\) c. \(\mathrm{Co}_{2} \mathrm{S}_{3}\) d. ICl e. \(\mathrm{Pb}_{3}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{2}\) f. \(\mathrm{KClO}_{3}\) g. \(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) h. \(\mathrm{Sr}_{3} \mathrm{N}_{2}\) i. \(\mathrm{Al}_{2}\left(\mathrm{SO}_{3}\right)_{3}\) j. \(\mathrm{SnO}_{2}\) k. \(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{CrO}_{4}\) I. HClo

Which (if any) of the following can be determined by knowing the number of protons in a neutral element? Explain your answer. a. the number of neutrons in the neutral element b. the number of electrons in the neutral element c. the name of the element

The early alchemists used to do an experiment in which water was boiled for several days in a sealed glass container. Eventually, some solid residue would appear in the bottom of the flask, which was interpreted to mean that some of the water in the flask had been converted into 鈥渆arth.鈥� When Lavoisier repeated this experiment, he found that the water weighed the same before and after heating, and the mass of the flask plus the solid residue equaled the original mass of the flask. Were the alchemists correct? Explain what really happened. (This experiment is described in the article by A. F. Scott in Scientific American, January 1984.)
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