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Chapter 2: Problem 64

For carbon-14 and carbon-12, how many protons and neutrons are in each nucleus? Assuming neutral atoms, how many electrons are present in an atom of carbon-14 and in an atom of carbon-12?

Short Answer

Expert verified
For carbon-14 and carbon-12, each nucleus has 6 protons. Carbon-12 has 6 neutrons while carbon-14 has 8 neutrons. In a neutral atom of each isotope, there are 6 electrons.

Step by step solution

01

Determine the atomic number of carbon

To find the number of protons and electrons, we need to look at the atomic number of carbon. The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom and is also equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom. Carbon has an atomic number of 6.
02

Calculate the number of neutrons for each isotope

Carbon-14 and carbon-12 are isotopes of carbon, which means they have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. The number after the element symbol (12 and 14) indicates the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. To find the number of neutrons in each isotope, we subtract the atomic number (number of protons) from the total number of protons and neutrons. For carbon-12: \(14 - 6 = 8 \) For carbon-14: \(12 - 6 = 6 \) So, carbon-12 has 6 neutrons and carbon-14 has 8 neutrons.
03

Determine the number of electrons in a neutral atom for each isotope

In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. Since both isotopes have the same number of protons (6), they will also have the same number of electrons (6).
04

Summary of findings

For carbon-14 and carbon-12, each nucleus has 6 protons. Carbon-12 has 6 neutrons while carbon-14 has 8 neutrons. In a neutral atom of each isotope, there are 6 electrons.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Atomic Number
The atomic number of an element is a fundamental characteristic that defines the element. It represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. For carbon, this number is 6. This means that every carbon atom has six protons. The atomic number is important because it also determines the element's identity on the periodic table.
  • For any neutral atom, the atomic number is equal to the number of electrons as well, since atoms generally have no overall charge (protons = electrons).
  • When you look at an element on the periodic table, the atomic number is usually placed above the chemical symbol.
  • The atomic number not only helps identify an element, but it also provides a basis for understanding the element's chemical behavior.
Understanding the atomic number is crucial for topics such as chemical bonding and reactions.
Neutrons
Neutrons are neutral particles found in an atom's nucleus alongside protons. Unlike protons and electrons, neutrons do not have a charge, but they play a vital role in the stability of the nucleus.
  • Neutrons add mass to the atom without changing the charge.
  • The number of neutrons in the atoms of a single element can vary; these variations are called isotopes. For example, carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon, each containing 6 protons, but differing in their number of neutrons.
  • Carbon-12 has 6 neutrons (12 total protons and neutrons), while carbon-14 has 8 neutrons (14 total protons and neutrons).
  • The presence of more or fewer neutrons affects the atomic mass and some physical properties, like radioactive behavior in the case of carbon-14.
In summary, understanding neutrons helps in calculating the isotopic mass and revealing isotope-related characteristics of elements.
Electrons
Electrons are tiny particles with a negative charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. This balance ensures that the atom has no overall charge.
  • For carbon, with an atomic number of 6, there are 6 electrons surrounding its nucleus in a neutral state.
  • Electrons are involved in forming chemical bonds as they can be shared, gained, or lost during chemical reactions.
  • The arrangement of electrons in various energy levels or shells around the nucleus determines how atoms interact with each other.
  • The study of electrons and their behavior is central to chemistry and physics because they largely determine how atoms combine and interact.
Electrons, by virtue of their role in chemistry and atomic structure, are critical for understanding both fundamental and complex chemical processes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Which of the following is(are) correct? a. \(^{40} \mathrm{Ca}^{2+}\) contains 20 protons and 18 electrons. b. Rutherford created the cathode-ray tube and was the founder of the charge- to-mass ratio of an electron. c. An electron is heavier than a proton. d. The nucleus contains protons, neutrons, and electrons

Name each of the following compounds: a. \(\mathrm{CsF}\) b. b. \(\mathrm{Li}_{3} \mathrm{N}\) c. \(\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{S}\) d. \(\mathrm{MnO}_{2}\) e. \(\mathrm{TiO}_{2}\) f. \(\mathrm{Sr}_{3} \mathrm{P}_{2}\)

Carbohydrates, a class of compounds containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, were originally thought to contain one water \(\left(\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}\right)\) molecule for each carbon atom present. The carbohydrate glucose contains six carbon atoms. Write a general formula showing the relative numbers of each type of atom present in glucose.

For each of the following sets of elements, label each as either noble gases, halogens, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, or transition metals. a. Ti, Fe, Ag b. Mg, Sr, Ba c. Li, K, Rb d. Ne, Kr, Xe e. F, Br, I

Each of the following statements is true, but Dalton might have had trouble explaining some of them with his atomic theory. Give explanations for the following statements. a. The space-filling models for ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether are shown below. These two compounds have the same composition by mass \((52 \% \text { carbon, } 13 \% \text { hydrogen, and } 35 \% \text { oxygen }),\) yet the two have different melting points, boiling points, and solubilities in water. b. Burning wood leaves an ash that is only a small fraction of the mass of the original wood. c. Atoms can be broken down into smaller particles. d. One sample of lithium hydride is 87.4\(\%\) lithium by mass, while another sample of lithium hydride is 74.9\(\%\) lithium by mass. However, the two samples have the same chemical properties.
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