91Ó°ÊÓ

State the number of protons and electrons in each of the following ions:

a. ${\mathrm{O}}^{2−}$, used to build biomolecules and water

b. ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$, most prevalent positive ion in cells; needed for muscle contraction, nerve impulses

c. $I^{−}$, needed for thyroid function

d. ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$, most prevalent positive ion in extracellular fluid

Use the periodic table to arrange the following atoms in order of increasing electronegativity: ($6.7$)

a. data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{Cl},\mathrm{Br},\mathrm{Se}$

b.data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{Na},\mathrm{Cs},\mathrm{O},\mathrm{S}$

c.data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{O},\mathrm{F},\mathrm{B},\mathrm{Li}$

Select the more polar bond in each of the following pairs: ($6.7$)

a. data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{N}$or data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}$

b. data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{F}$or data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{Br}$

c. data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{Br}-\mathrm{Cl}$or data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{S}-\mathrm{Cl}$

d. data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{Br}-\mathrm{Cl}$or data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{Br}-\mathrm{I}$

e. data-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{F}$ordata-custom-editor="chemistry" $\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{O}$

Select the more polar bond in each of the following pairs.$\left(6.7\right)$

a.$\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}\mathrm{or}\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{O}$

b.$\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{Cl}\mathrm{or}\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{Br}$

c.$\mathrm{Si}-\mathrm{S}\mathrm{or}\mathrm{Si}-\mathrm{Cl}$

d.$\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{Cl}\mathrm{or}\mathrm{F}-\mathrm{Br}$

e.$\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{O}\mathrm{or}\mathrm{P}-\mathrm{S}$

Show the dipole arrow for each of the following bonds: $(6.7)$

a.$Si-Cl$

b.$C-N$

c.$F-Cl$

d.$C-F$

e.$N-O$

Show the dipole arrow for each of the following bonds: $(6.7)$

a.$P-O$

b.$N-F$

c.$O-Cl$

d. $S-Cl$

e.$P-F$

Calculate the electronegativity difference and classify each of the following bonds as nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic:

a. $SiandCl$ b. $CandC$ c. $NaandCl$

d. $CandH$ e.$FandF$.

Calculate the electronegativity difference and classify each of the following bonds as nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic:

a. $CandN$ b. $ClandCl$ c. $KandBr$

d.$HandH$ e.$NandF$.

For each of the following, draw the Lewis structure and determine the shape:$(6.6,6.8)$

a.$N{F}_3$

b.$SiB{r}_4$

c.$CS{e}_2$

For each of the following, draw the Lewis structure and determine the shape: $(6.6,6.8)$

a. $COC{l}_2$($C$is the central atom)

b. $HCCH$

c.$S{O}_2$