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Pathology HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE) is characterized by a. accumulation of neutrophils in the neuropil b. presence of multinucleated giant cells c. HIV-I inclusions in the nuclei d. decrease in number of astrocytes

Brain structures most affected by HIV-1 encephalitis are a. basal ganglia b. cerebellum c. frontal cortex d. brain stem e. all of the above

Causes of neuronal injury in HIV-1 CNS infection are a. effects of viral proteins (gp41, gp 120) b. cytokines and chemokines c. glutamate d. anti-retroviral therapy e. all of the above f. a, b, and c only

Productively infected cells in HIV-1 CNS infection are a. neurons b. endothelial cells c. oligodendrocytes d. macrophages/microglia e. all of the above

Virus present in the brain tissues is a. CCR5-tropic b. CXCR4-tropic c. CX3CR-tropic d. none of the above e. all of the above

HIV-1 CNS infection is best described as a. acute lytic viral infection of neurons b. chronic viral infection of oligodendrocytes c. chronic neuro-inflammatory condition driven by mac- rophage infection d. acute lytic infection of astrocytes e. none of the above

HIV-1 brain infection in post-HAART era is characterized by a. aggressive forms with severe HIVE and white matter injury b. "burnt-out" forms of HIVE c. more extensive \(\beta\)-amyloid \((A \beta)\) deposition d. more often occurrence of opportunistic infections e. \(a\) and \(d\) f. \(a, b\), and \(c\)

Peripheral anti-viral immune responses control in measure HIV-1 CNS infection a. true b. false

Blood-brain barrier is injured in HIV-1 brain infection a. true b. false