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Chapter 6: Problem 23

In a maternity ward, four babies become accidentally mixed up. The \(A B O\) types of the four babies are known to be \(\mathrm{O}, \mathrm{A}, \mathrm{B},\) and \(\mathrm{AB}\). The \(\mathrm{ABO}\) types of the four sets of parents are determined. Indicate which baby belongs to each set of parents: (a) \(A B \times O,(b) A \times O,(c) A \times A B\) (d) \(\mathrm{O} \times \mathrm{O}\)

Short Answer

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(a) Baby B, (b) Baby A, (c) Baby AB, (d) Baby O

Step by step solution

01

Identify Possible Blood Type Outcomes for Each Parent Pair

Each set of parents can only produce certain types of offspring due to their ABO blood types. Consider the possibilities: - (a) The parent pair A B imes O can only produce children with blood types A or B. - (b) The parent pair A imes O can only produce children with blood types A or O. - (c) The parent pair A imes AB can produce children with blood types A, B, or AB. - (d) The parent pair O imes O can only produce children with blood type O.
02

Match the Babies with Their Possible Blood Types

Now match each baby with their parent's possible blood types: - Baby with blood type O can only come from the (d) O imes O pair. - Baby with blood type A can come from the (a) A B imes O pair, (b) A imes O pair, or (c) A imes AB pair. - Baby with blood type B can come from the (a) A B imes O pair or (c) A imes AB pair. - Baby with blood type AB can only come from the (c) A imes AB pair.
03

Finalize the Baby-Parent Matching Based on Elimination

Using the information above, we can finalize: - Baby O belongs to (d) O imes O parents. - Baby AB can only belong to (c) A imes AB parents. - Baby B can only belong to (a) A B imes O parents because baby AB is with (c), leaving Baby A with (b) A imes O parents. - Baby A, therefore, belongs to (b) A imes O parents.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Blood Types
Blood types are a way to classify human blood based on the presence or absence of certain antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The major blood group system is the ABO system, which includes four main types: A, B, AB, and O. Each type differs based on the presence of antigens:
  • Type A: Has A antigens on the surface.
  • Type B: Has B antigens.
  • Type AB: Has both A and B antigens.
  • Type O: Has neither A nor B antigens.
Additionally, the Rh factor, which can be positive or negative, also influences blood type, though it wasn't a focus in this exercise. Understanding these variations aids in blood transfusions and in determining parental blood types in genetics scenarios.
Mendelian Inheritance
Mendelian inheritance is a set of primary principles related to the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parent organisms to their offspring. These principles were initially discovered by Gregor Mendel in the 19th century, through his work on pea plants. He identified two core components of inheritance:
  • Dominant Genes: When an organism inherits two different alleles, the dominant one will be expressed.
  • Recessive Genes: These are only expressed if both inherited alleles are recessive.
In the context of blood types, the A and B alleles are considered codominant, meaning both can be expressed simultaneously, leading to an AB blood type. The O allele, however, is recessive, requiring two copies to be expressed. This exercise showcases how Mendelian principles apply to the inheritance of blood types through different parental combinations.
Parental Genotype
The parental genotype refers to the genetic makeup of the parents, particularly concerning specific genes. In genetics problems like the one above, the genotype determines the possible alleles that parents can pass down to their offspring, impacting the child's blood type. The blood type of a person is determined by their genotype:
  • AA or AO: Results in blood type A.
  • BB or BO: Results in blood type B.
  • AB: Results in blood type AB.
  • OO: Results in blood type O.
By analyzing the parental genotypes, we can predict the possible blood types of the offspring. These predictions are essential for medical purposes and in solving paternity disputes or mix-up cases like the maternity ward scenario described in the exercise. Understanding how parental genotypes contribute to offspring characteristics is a fundamental aspect of genetics.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

You have been given a virgin Drosophila female. You notice that the bristles on her thorax are much shorter than normal. You mate her with a normal male (with long bristles and obtain the following \(\mathrm{F}_{1}\) progeny: \(\frac{1}{3}\) short-bristled females, \(\frac{1}{3}\) long-bristled females, and \(\frac{1}{3}\) long-bristled males. A cross of the \(\mathrm{F}_{1}\) long- bristled females with their brothers gives only long-bristled \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) A cross of short-bristled females with their brothers gives \(\frac{1}{3}\) short-bristled females, \(\frac{1}{3}\) long-bristled females, and \(\frac{1}{3}\) long-bristled males. Provide a genetic hypothesis to account for all these results, showing genotypes in every cross.

In sweet peas, the synthesis of purple anthocyanin pigment in the petals is controlled by two genes, \(B\) and \(D\) The pathway is a. What color petals would you expect in a purebreeding plant unable to catalyze the first reaction? b. What color petals would you expect in a purebreeding plant unable to catalyze the second reaction? c. If the plants in parts \(a\) and \(b\) are crossed, what color petals will the \(\mathrm{F}_{1}\) plants have? d. What ratio of purple: blue:white plants would you expect in the \(\mathrm{F}_{2}\) ?

The frizzle fowl is much admired by poultry fanciers. It gets its name from the unusual way that its feathers curl up, giving the impression that it has been (in the memorable words of animal geneticist \(\mathrm{F}\) B. Hutt) "pulled backwards through a knothole." Unfortunately, frizzle fowl do not breed true: when two frizzles are intercrossed, they always produce 50 percent frizzles, 25 percent normal, and 25 percent with peculiar woolly feathers that soon fall out, leaving the birds naked. a. Give a genetic explanation for these results, showing genotypes of all phenotypes, and provide a statement of how your explanation works. b. If you wanted to mass-produce frizzle fowl for sale, which types would be best to use as a breeding pair?

Four homozygous recessive mutant lines of Drosophila melanogaster (labeled 1 through 4) showed abnormal leg coordination, which made their walking highly erratic. These lines were intercrossed; the phenotypes of the \(\mathrm{F}_{1}\) flies are shown in the following grid, in which "+" represents wild-type walking and "-" represents abnormal walking: $$\begin{array}{rrrrr} & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\ \hline 1 & \- & \+ & \+ & \+ \\ 2 & \+ & \- & \- & \+ \\ 3 & \+ & \- & \- & \+ \\ 4 & \+ & \+ & \+ & \- \\ \hline \end{array}$$ a. What type of test does this analysis represent?? b. How many different genes were mutated in creating these four lines? c. Invent wild-type and mutant symbols, and write out full genotypes for all four lines and for the \(\mathrm{F}_{1}\) flies. d. Do these data tell us which genes are linked? If not, how could linkage be tested? e. Do these data tell us the total number of genes taking part in leg coordination in this animal?

After irradiating wild-type cells of Neurospora (a haploid fungus), a geneticist finds two leucine-requiring auxotrophic mutants. He combines the two mutants in a heterokaryon and discovers that the heterokaryon is prototrophic. a. Were the mutations in the two auxotrophs in the same gene in the pathway for synthesizing leucine or in two different genes in that pathway? Explain. b. Write the genotype of the two strains according to your model. c. What progeny and in what proportions would you predict from crossing the two auxotrophic mutants? (Assume independent assortment.)
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