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Chapter 19: Problem 25

If plasma concentration of inulin \(=1 \mathrm{mg}\) inulin \(/ \mathrm{mL}\) plasma, plasma concentration of \(\mathrm{X}=1 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{mL}\), and \(\mathrm{GFR}=125 \mathrm{~mL} / \mathrm{min}\) : (a) What is the filtration rate of inulin? Of \(X\) ? (b) What is the excretion rate of inulin? Of X?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Filtration and excretion rates for both inulin and X are 125 mg/min.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Filtration Rate

The filtration rate is calculated as the product of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the plasma concentration of a substance. For any substance, the formula for filtration rate is given by:\[\text{Filtration Rate} = \text{GFR} \times \text{Plasma Concentration}\]
02

Calculate the Filtration Rate of Inulin

Using the formula from Step 1:\[\text{Filtration Rate of Inulin} = 125\, \mathrm{mL/min} \times 1\, \mathrm{mg/mL} = 125\, \mathrm{mg/min}\]So, the filtration rate of inulin is 125 mg/min.
03

Calculate the Filtration Rate of X

Similarly, using the same formula for X:\[\text{Filtration Rate of X} = 125\, \mathrm{mL/min} \times 1\, \mathrm{mg/mL} = 125\, \mathrm{mg/min}\]Therefore, the filtration rate of X is also 125 mg/min.
04

Understand the Excretion Rate

The excretion rate of a substance is the amount that is excreted in the urine per minute and is calculated using the formula:\[\text{Excretion Rate} = \text{Urine Concentration} \times \text{Urine Flow Rate}\]Given that urine concentrations are not provided, if we assume the substances are not reabsorbed or secreted, the excretion rate can be equal to the filtration rate for inulin since inulin is not secreted or reabsorbed.
05

Calculate the Excretion Rate of Inulin

Assuming there is no reabsorption or secretion of inulin, its excretion rate is equal to its filtration rate:\[\text{Excretion Rate of Inulin} = 125\, \mathrm{mg/min}\]Therefore, the excretion rate of inulin is the same as its filtration rate, which is 125 mg/min.
06

Calculate the Excretion Rate of X

Without specific urine data, and assuming no information about secretion or reabsorption, the excretion rate can be considered equal to its filtration rate as well:\[\text{Excretion Rate of X} = 125\, \mathrm{mg/min}\]Hence, the excretion rate of X, under similar assumptions as inulin, is 125 mg/min.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a crucial indicator of kidney function. It refers to the volume of blood filtered through the glomeruli of the kidneys per minute. This rate is essential for determining how well the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood, like the kidney's personal scoreboard of performance. Knowing the GFR can help identify any potential kidney issues early on.

Key points about GFR include:
  • It is measured in milliliters per minute (mL/min).
  • The average GFR for a healthy adult is approximately 125 mL/min, though it can vary based on age, sex, and body size.
  • A high GFR can indicate increased kidney workload, while a low GFR can suggest kidney dysfunction.
Understanding the GFR can help in assessing the filtration rate of substances such as inulin and other solutes found in the blood.
Plasma Concentration
Plasma concentration refers to the amount of a specific substance present in the plasma portion of the blood. It's measured as mass per unit volume, commonly expressed as milligrams per milliliter (mg/mL). This concept is critical when examining how substances like inulin are filtered through the kidneys.

Several aspects make plasma concentration an essential parameter:
  • It helps in determining the filtration rate when combined with the GFR.
  • Regular monitoring can aid in understanding changes in an individual's metabolic processes.
  • Significant changes in plasma concentration can signal issues with kidney function or other health conditions.
Utilizing plasma concentration, one can calculate how much of a substance like inulin is filtered by the kidneys per minute.
Inulin
Inulin is a naturally occurring polysaccharide that is often used as a marker in kidney function tests. It's neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys, making it an ideal substance for determining the glomerular filtration rate without any additional kidney complications.

Important characteristics of inulin include:
  • It is filtered solely through the kidneys, making it a reliable measure for GFR.
  • Due to its stable nature in the kidneys, the filtration and excretion rates of inulin are equal under normal conditions.
  • It's not commonly found in high concentrations in human plasma under normal dietary conditions.
By measuring how much inulin is filtered and excreted, medical professionals can gain valuable insights into kidney performance and diagnose potential issues.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What are the advantages of a kidney that filters a large volume of fluid and then reabsorbs \(99 \%\) of it?

Antimuscarinic drugs are the accepted treatment for an overactive bladder. Explain why they work for this condition.

Define, compare, and contrast the items in the following sets of terme: a. filtration, secretion, and excretion b. saturation, transport maximum, and renal threshold c. probenecid, creatinine, inulin, and penicillin d. dearance, excretion, and glomerular filtration rate

Draw a section of renal tubule epithelium showing three cells joined by cell junctions. Label the apical and basolateral membranes, the tubule lumen, and the extracellular fluid. Use the following written description of proximal tubule processes to draw a model cell. The proximal tubule cells contain carbonic anhydrase, which promotes the conversion of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) and water \(\mathrm{H}^{+}\)and \(\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\). Sodium is reabsorbed by an apical \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}-H^{+}\)antiporter and a basolateral \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}-K^{+}-A T\) Pase. Chloride is passively reabsorbed by movement through the paracellular pathway. Bicarbonate produced in the cotoplasm leaves the cell on a basolateral \(\mathrm{Na}^{+}-\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}\)symporter.

Dwight was competing for a spot on the Olympic equestrian team. As his horse, Nitro, cleared a jump, the footing gave way, causing the horse to somersault, landing on Dwight and crushing him. The doctors feared kidney damage and ran several tests. Dwight's plasma creatinine level was \(2 \mathrm{mg} / 100 \mathrm{~mL}\). His 24 -hour urine specimen had a volume of 1 L and a creatinine concentration of \(20 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{mL} . A\) second specimen taken over the next 24 hours had the same plasma creatinine value and urine volume, but a urine creatinine concentration of \(4 \mathrm{mg} /\) mL. How many milligrams of creatinine are in each specimen? What is Dwight's creatinine clearance in each test? What is his GFR? Evaluate these results and comment on Dwight's kidney function.
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