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Chapter 18: Problem 18

Distinguish among mutations, altered gene expression, and epigenetic changes in cancer.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Mutations refer to changes in the DNA sequence, while altered gene expression involves changes in the way genes are activated or deactivated. Epigenetic changes, on the other hand, are modifications that affect how DNA is read by cells, without altering the actual DNA sequence. In the context of cancer, all three processes can contribute to uncontrolled cell growth and division, a hallmark of this disease.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Mutations

Mutations refer to changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome. These changes may occur in different forms, such as deletion, insertion, or substitution of one or more DNA bases, or even rearrangements of larger sections of chromosomes. In the context of cancer, mutations can sometimes lead to the formation of proteins that have altered or lost function, which can contribute to the uncontrolled cell growth.
02

Deciphering Altered Gene Expression

Altered gene expression, as the term suggests, involves changes in the degree to which a gene is active, or 'expressed', in a cell. Genes are part of the DNA sequence, and their expression involves being 'read' and 'translated' into proteins. In cancerous cells, some genes may be overactive (overexpressed), while others may be underactive (underexpressed). This altered gene expression can lead to an increase in production of certain proteins and decrease in others, ultimately contributing to cancer progression.
03

Explaining Epigenetic Changes

Epigenetic changes are modifications that do not alter the DNA sequence but instead affect how cells 'read' genes. The process can involve adding or removing chemical tags to the DNA molecule, which can turn genes on or off. Unlike mutations, epigenetic changes are reversible. In the case of cancer, these changes can enable cells to rapidly adapt to their environment, promoting survival and further growth.

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