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Chapter 18: Problem 7

Describe four ways that cancer can originate at the cell or tissue level.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Cancer can originate by four methods at the cell or tissue level: genetic mutations, viral induction, chronic inflammation, and changes in cell metabolism.

Step by step solution

01

Genetic Mutations

Cancer can originate due to genetic mutations. These mutations can be hereditary or can happen due to environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals or viruses. They alter the DNA structure within a cell, disrupting normal cell growth and division. An accumulation of mutations can lead to the development of cancer.
02

Viral Induction

Certain viruses can integrate their DNA into a host cell's DNA 鈥� a process called viral integration. This can lead to the deregulation of cell growth and division process, if virus DNA incorporates in crucial cellular pathways, supporting development of cancer. Examples include Human Papilloma Virus leading to cervical cancer, and Epstein Barr virus leading to certain types of lymphomas.
03

Chronic Inflammation

Long-term inflammation can lead to cancer. Inflammatory cells release substances that cause DNA damage and can result in cancer. For instance, chronic inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis have a higher rate of colonic cancer.
04

Changes in Cell Metabolism

Changes in normal functioning of cellular metabolism can lead to cancer. Normal cells, for instance, require oxygen for metabolic processes, but some cancer cells alter these processes to survive in low oxygen environment contributing to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Distinguish between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene.`

Describe two events that can activate an oncogene.

How does a sporadic cancer differ from a Mendelian disease in terms of predicting risk of occurrence in the relatives of a patient?

Explain how comparing mutations in cells from the same cancer type at different stages can reveal the sequence of genetic changes that drive the cancer.

How can classifying cancer genomically differ from classifying cancer histologically or by initial affected body part?
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