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Chapter 5: Problem 25

What is extranuclear inheritance? Describe three examples.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Extranuclear inheritance refers to the transmission of genes that occur outside the nucleus. Examples are mitochondrial inheritance where the DNA within the mitochondria is passed on (i.e., LHON), chloroplast inheritance where DNA within the chloroplasts is passed down (e.g., four-o'clock plant color variations), and the maternal effect where the phenotype is determined by the genotype of the mother (e.g., snail shell coiling).

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Extranuclear Inheritance

Extranuclear inheritance, also known as cytoplasmic inheritance, refers to the transmission of genes that occur outside the nucleus. It is the non-Mendelian form of inheritance. These genes are found in the cytoplasmic organelles which are structures inside the cells that are responsible for energy production and protein synthesis, namely the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
02

Example 1: Mitochondrial Inheritance

Mitochondrial inheritance is an example of extranuclear inheritance where the DNA within the mitochondria, inherited almost exclusively from the mother, is passed on. A prime example of this, in humans, relates to Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), a condition that leads to vision loss.
03

Example 2: Chloroplast Inheritance

Chloroplast inheritance, most common in algae and plants, is another instance of this type of inheritance. Here, the DNA within the chloroplasts, inherited often through the female parent, is passed down. An instance is the variegated leaf color observed in the four-o'clock plant (Mirabilis jalapa).
04

Example 3: Maternal Effect

The maternal effect is another example of extranuclear inheritance where the phenotype of an organism is determined not by its own genotype, but by the genotype of its mother. For instance, in snail shell coiling, the direction of coiling (left-handed or right-handed) is determined by the mother's genes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Among different species, does extranuclear inheritance always follow a maternal inheritance pattern? Why or why not?

For Mendelian inheritance, the nuclear genotype (i.e., the alleles found on chromosomes in the cell nucleus) directly influences an offspring's traits. In contrast, for non-Mendelian inheritance patterns, the offspring's phenotype cannot be reliably predicted solely from its genotype. For the following traits, what do you need to know to predict the phenotypic outcome? A. Dwarfism due to a mutant \(I g f 2\) allele B. Snail coiling direction C. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

Explain the likely evolutionary origin of mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes. How have the sizes of the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes changed since their origin? How has this occurred?

Describe when X-chromosome inactivation occurs and how this leads to phenotypic results at the organism level. In your answer, you should explain why XCI causes results such as variegated coat patterns in mammals. Why do two different calico cats have their patches of orange and black fur in different places? Explain whether or not a variegated coat pattern due to \(\mathrm{XCI}\) could occur in marsupials.

Describe how a biparental pattern of extranuclear inheritance would resemble a Mendelian pattern of inheritance for a particular gene. How would they differ?
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