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Chapter 5: Problem 8

Explain why maternal effect genes exert their effects during the early stages of development.

Short Answer

Expert verified
Maternal effect genes exert their effects during the early stages of development because mRNA and proteins that they produce are stored in the egg prior to fertilization and control the initial stages of embryonic development. This is critical for early developmental processes such as cell division, embryonic genome activation and the determination of the body plan of the organism.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Maternal Effect Genes

Maternal effect genes are those where the genotype of the mother directly determines the phenotype of the offspring, regardless of the offspring's own genotype. These genes are responsible for producing mRNA and proteins stored in the egg before fertilization.
02

Early Expressions of Maternal Effect Genes

These mRNA and proteins are essential to the initial stages of the offspring's development. Immediately after fertilization, the first few stages of embryonic development are guided by these maternal deposits even before the zygotic genome activates. This period is known as the phase of 'maternal control' in developmental biology.
03

Impact on Early Stages of Development

This maternal control through the deposited mRNAs and proteins has a profound impact on early developmental events. These events include crucial processes such as cell division, embryonic genome activation, and initial body plan determination of the organism. This provides answers to why maternal effect genes exert their influences during early development.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

On rare occasions, a human male is born who is somewhat feminized compared with other males. Microscopic examination of the cells of one such individual revealed that he has a single Barr body in each cell. What is the chromosomal composition of this individual?

How many Barr bodies would you expect to find in humans with the following abnormal compositions of sex chromosomes? A. \(\mathrm{XXY}\) B. \(\mathrm{XYY}\) C. XXX D. X0 (a person with just a single \(\mathrm{X}\) chromosome)

With regard to the numbers of sex chromosomes, explain why dosage compensation is necessary.

For Mendelian inheritance, the nuclear genotype (i.e., the alleles found on chromosomes in the cell nucleus) directly influences an offspring's traits. In contrast, for non-Mendelian inheritance patterns, the offspring's phenotype cannot be reliably predicted solely from its genotype. For the following traits, what do you need to know to predict the phenotypic outcome? A. Dwarfism due to a mutant \(I g f 2\) allele B. Snail coiling direction C. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

What is the spreading phase of \(\mathrm{X}\)-chromosome inactivation? Why do you think it is called a spreading phase?
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