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Chapter 29: Problem 22

If you were comparing the karyotypes of species that are closely related evolutionarily, what types of similarities and differences would you expect to find?

Short Answer

Expert verified
In the karyotypes of closely related species, expect to find similarities such as the same number and general structure of chromosomes, and differences arising from alterations in chromosome number, DNA sequences, or rearrangements since their common ancestor.

Step by step solution

01

Understanding Karyotypes

To understand this problem, first, grasp the concept of a karyotype. A karyotype is the number, size, and shape of chromosomes in an organism. It's like a characteristic 'chromosome signature' of a species.
02

Considering Evolutionary Relationships

Evolutionarily closely related species have experienced fewer genetic changes since their last common ancestor. Therefore, their karyotypes may be more similar than those of species that are further apart.
03

Identifying Similarities

Similarities might include the same number of chromosomes, similar sizes and shapes of chromosomes, and/or the same locations of the centromere in corresponding chromosomes. These factors would have remained relatively constant through the evolutionary process.
04

Identifying Differences

Differences could be due to changes that have occurred since the species diverged from their most recent common ancestor. These could include changes in chromosome number due to events such as fission or fusion of chromosomes, differences in the amount of DNA due to duplications or deletions, or rearrangements of the DNA sequence due to translocations or inversions.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Distinguish between anagenesis and cladogenesis. Which mechanism of speciation is more prevalent? Why?

for each of the following examples, discuss whether the observed result is due to neutral mutations or mutations that have been acted on by natural selection, or both: A. When comparing sequences of homologous genes, differences in the coding sequence are most common at the wobble base (i.e., the third base in each codon). B. For a protein-encoding gene, the regions that encode portions of the polypeptide that are vital for structure and function are less likely to display mutations than other regions of the gene. C. When comparing the sequences of homologous genes, introns usually have more sequence differences than exons.

Would the rate of deleterious or beneficial mutations be a good molecular clock? Why or why not?

Plant seeds contain storage proteins that are encoded by the plant's genes. When a seed germinates, these proteins are rapidly hydrolyzed (i.e., the covalent bonds between amino acids within the polypeptides are broken), which releases amino acids for the developing seedling. Would you expect the genes that encode plant storage proteins to evolve more slowly or more rapidly than genes that encode enzymes? Explain your answer.

Discuss whether the phenomenon of reproductive isolation applies to bacteria, which reproduce asexually. How would a geneticist divide bacteria into separate species?
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