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Chapter 13: Problem 15

The following diagram represents DNA that is part of the RNA-coding sequence of a transcription unit. The bottom strand is the template strand. Give the sequence found on the RNA molecule transcribed from this DNA and identify the \(5^{\prime}\) and \(3^{\prime}\) ends of the RNA.$$\begin{aligned}&5^{\prime}-\text { ATAGGCGATGCCA }-3^{\prime}\\\&3^{\prime}-\text { TATCCGCTACGGT }-5^{\prime} \leftarrow \text { Template strand }\end{aligned}$$.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The RNA sequence is 5'-AUAGGCGAUGCCA-3', with 5' at the 'A' and 3' at the 'A'.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the DNA Strands

There are two DNA strands: the coding strand and the template strand. The template strand is the one used by RNA polymerase to synthesize RNA. For the given DNA, the top strand is the coding strand (5'-ATAGGCGATGCCA-3') and the bottom strand is the template strand (3'-TATCCGCTACGGT-5').
02

Determine RNA Direction

RNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction. It reads the template strand from the 3' end to the 5' end.
03

RNA Transcription

To transcribe RNA, substitute each base on the template strand with its complementary RNA nucleotide: Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U), Thymine (T) with Adenine (A), Cytosine (C) with Guanine (G), and Guanine (G) with Cytosine (C).
04

Transcribe the RNA Sequence

Starting at the 3' end of the template strand: T (A), A (U), T (A), C (G), C (G), G (C), C (G), T (A), A (U), C (G), G (C), G (C), T (A). The RNA sequence is 5'-AUAGGCGAUGCCA-3'.
05

Identify the RNA Ends

The 5' end of the RNA corresponds to the start of transcription, and the 3' end corresponds to the finish of transcription. So, for the RNA sequence, 5'-AUAGGCGAUGCCA-3', 'A' is at the 5' end and 'A' is at the 3' end.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Understanding the Template Strand
DNA consists of two strands, but during RNA transcription, only one strand serves as a template for the RNA molecule. This strand is aptly named the **template strand**. It's the sequence of DNA that RNA polymerase reads to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule. If you imagine the template strand as a mold, you'll picture how it provides the pattern needed for RNA construction.
  • The template strand gives the sequence that determines the order of nucleotides in the RNA.
  • The other strand of DNA, known as the coding strand, has the same sequence as the RNA but with thymine instead of uracil.
The template strand is crucial because it guides the exact sequence in the new RNA, ensuring that genetic information from DNA is accurately passed on.
Delving into RNA Synthesis
**RNA synthesis** is a fundamental biological process that involves creating RNA from a DNA template. During this process, which is also known as transcription, multiple enzymes like RNA polymerase play essential roles.
  • RNA polymerase dives into the DNA molecule, unzipping it to access the template strand.
  • It then constructs a single-stranded RNA molecule by moving along the template strand.
  • This RNA strand is synthesized from the 5' to 3' direction, meaning it builds from the 5' end and extends toward the 3' end.
The directionality is crucial for RNA polymerase, ensuring that the RNA is a faithful replica 鈥� flipped and complementary 鈥� originating from the template strand. This newly synthesized RNA will later be used in processes like translation to produce proteins.
Understanding Base Pairing Rules
At the heart of both DNA and RNA structure are the **base pairing rules**, which involve pairing specific nitrogenous bases with one another. For DNA, these rules are crucial for maintaining the helical structure. In the transcription process, they direct how the RNA polymerase lays down complementary nucleotides:
  • Adenine (A) on the DNA template pairs with Uracil (U) in RNA. This is a distinct difference from DNA where adenine pairs with thymine (T).
  • Thymine (T) pairs with adenine (A) in RNA.
  • Cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G), and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C).
These rules are simple but vital. They ensure that the genetic code is accurately transcribed from DNA into RNA, preserving the information necessary for synthesizing proteins. This pairing process is highly efficient and error rates are minimal, giving cells the ability to create exact replicas of genetic sequences as RNA.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What are the three basic stages of transcription? Describe what happens at each stage.

A strain of bacteria possesses a temperature-sensitive mutation in the gene that cncodes the sigma factor. The mutant bacter ia produce a sigma factor that is unable to bind to RNA polymerase at elevated temperatures What effect will this mutation have on the process of transcription when the bacteria are raised at elevated temperatures?

What are the two basic types of terminators found in bacterial cells? Describe the structure of each type.

What is the substrate for RNA synthesis? How is this substrate modified and joined together to produce an RNA molecule?

Glenn Croston and his colleagues studied the relation between chromatin structure and transcription activity. In one set of experiments, they measured the level of in vitro transcription of a Drosophila gene by RNA polymerase II with the use of DNA and various combinations of histone proteins (G. E. Croston et al. 1991. Science \(251: 643-649\) ). First, they measured the level of transcription for naked DNA, with no associated histone proteins. Then, they measured the level of transcription after nucleosome octamers (without H1) were added to the DNA. The addition of the octamers caused the level of transcription to drop by \(50 \% .\) When both the nucleosome octamers and the H1 proteins were added to the DNA, transcription was greatly repressed, dropping to less than \(1 \%\) of that obtained with naked DNA, as shown in the table below.GALA-VP16 is a protein that binds to the DNA of certain eukar yotic genes. When GALA-VP16 is added to DNA, the level of RNA polymerase II transcription is greatly elevated. (TABLE CAN'T COPY)Even in the presence of the H1 protein, GALA-VP16 stimulates high levels of transcription. Propose a mechan ism for how the H1 protein represses transcription and how GAL4-VP16 overcomes this repression. Explain how your proposed mechan ism would produce the results obtained in these experiments.
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