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Chapter 21: Problem 10

Describe the human genome in terms of genome size, the percentage of the genome that codes for proteins, how much is composed of repetitive sequences, and how many genes it contains. Describe two other features of the human genome.

Short Answer

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Answer: Approximately 1-2% of the human genome codes for proteins, and it contains an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 protein-coding genes.

Step by step solution

01

Genome Size

The human genome is comprised of about 3.2 billion base pairs, which makes it one of the largest genomes among vertebrates.
02

Protein-Coding Percentage

Only approximately 1-2% of the human genome codes for proteins. The rest of the DNA has other functions, such as regulating gene expression, composing structural elements of chromosomes, or consists of non-coding RNA sequences.
03

Repetitive Sequences

About 50% of the human genome consists of repetitive sequences. These sequences are primarily transposable elements and other repeats, like satellite DNA.
04

Number of Genes

The human genome contains an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 protein-coding genes. This number is subject to change as genomic research advances and scientists refine their understanding of the human genome.
05

Other Feature - Pseudogenes

Pseudogenes are nonfunctional copies of protein-coding genes that have lost their ability to produce proteins. They are present in the human genome and arise from duplication or retrotransposition events.
06

Other Feature - Introns and Exons

Protein-coding genes in the human genome are organized into regions called exons, which are separated by noncoding regions called introns. This organization allows for a process called alternative splicing, which enables a single gene to produce multiple protein variants depending on how the exons are combined.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Homology can be defined as the presence of common structures because of shared ancestry. Homology can involve genes, proteins, or anatomical structures. As a result of "descent with modification," many homologous structures have adapted different purposes. (a) List three anatomical structures in vertebrates that are homologous but have different functions. (b) Is it likely that homologous proteins from different species have the same or similar functions? Explain. (c) Under what circumstances might one expect proteins of similar function to not share homology? Would you expect such proteins to be homologous at the level of DNA sequences?

Traditionally, gene sequence homology implied functional similarity. Even though two proteins may contain over 60 percent sequence identity, only about 38 percent have identical functions (Roy et al., 2008 ). In some cases, closely related homologs may engender completely different classes of proteins (enzymes). Consider the 3 D structure of two proteins with 60 percent homology with entirely different functions. Explain how different functions may evolve by discussing the position of the homologous amino acid track, its relation to nonhomologous tracks, and the role that chaperones (Chapter 14 ) may play in determining protein function.

List and describe three major goals of the Human Genome Project.

What is noncoding RNA? What is its function?

The Human Genome Project has demonstrated that in humans of all races and nationalities approximately 99.9 percent of the sequence is the same, yet different individuals can be identified by DNA fingerprinting techniques. What is one primary variation in the human genome that can be used to distinguish different individuals? Briefly explain your answer.
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