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Chapter 13: Problem 4

The mRNA formed from the repeating tetranucleotide UUAC incorporates only three amino acids, but the use of UAUC incorporates four amino acids. Why?

Short Answer

Expert verified
Answer: The mRNA formed from the repeating tetranucleotide UUAC incorporates three amino acids, while the mRNA formed from the repeating tetranucleotide UAUC incorporates four amino acids.

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Genetic Code

The genetic code is a set of rules that define how the four-letter genetic alphabet (A, C, G, and U) is translated into the 20-letter amino acid alphabet. The code is composed of three-letter "codons" in the mRNA, each of which corresponds to a specific amino acid. There are 64 different codons, and three of these (UAA, UAG, and UGA) are known as "stop codons," meaning they do not code for any amino acids and instead signal the end of translation.
02

Analyze the Repeating Tetranucleotide UUAC

When we analyze the repeating tetranucleotide UUAC, we must split it into three-letter codons to see which amino acids are coded for. If we start from the first base, we get the codons UUA and UAC, which code for the amino acids Leucine and Tyrosine, respectively. If we start from the second base, we get UAC and UUA, which are the same codons we obtained from the first frame. Thus, the mRNA formed from UUAC incorporates only three amino acids: Leucine, Tyrosine and a stop signal (the third codon).
03

Analyze the Repeating Tetranucleotide UAUC

Now, let's analyze the repeating tetranucleotide UAUC. If we start from the first base, we get the codons UAU and CUA, which code for Tyrosine and Leucine, respectively. If we shift to the second base, we get the codons AUC and UAU, which code for Isoleucine and Tyrosine, respectively. So, in this case, the mRNA formed from UAUC incorporates four different amino acids: Tyrosine, Leucine, Isoleucine, and a stop signal (the third codon).
04

Conclusion

The mRNA formed from the repeating tetranucleotide UUAC incorporates only three amino acids, while the mRNA formed from the repeating tetranucleotide UAUC incorporates four amino acids. This difference is due to the distinct codon combinations produced from the different tetranucleotide sequences and how they are translated in the genetic code.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The concept of consensus sequences of DNA was defined in this chapter as sequences that are similar (homologous) in different genes of the same organism or in genes of different organisms. Examples were the Pribnow box and the -35 region in prokaryotes and the TATA-box region in eukaryotes. One study found that among 73 isolates from the virus HIV-Type \(1 \mathrm{C}\) (a major contributor to the AIDS epidemic), a GGGNNNNNCC consensus sequence exists (where \(\mathrm{N}\) equals any nitrogenous base) in the promoter-enhancer region of the \(\mathrm{NF}-\kappa \mathrm{B}\) transcription factor, a cis- acting element that is critical for initiating HIV transcription in human macrophages (Novitsky et al., 2002 ). The authors contend that finding this and other conserved sequences may be of value in designing an AIDS vaccine. What advantages would knowing these consensus sequences confer? Are there disadvantages as a vaccine is designed?

What was the initial evidence for the existence of mRNA?

Most proteins have more leucine than histidine residues, but more histidine than tryptophan residues. Correlate the number of codons for these three amino acids with this information.

Present an overview of various forms of posttranscriptional processing in eukaryotes. For each, provide an example.

Review the Chapter Concepts list on \(\mathrm{p} .342 .\) These all center around how genetic information is stored in DNA and transferred to RNA prior to translation into proteins. Write a short essay that summarizes the key properties of the genetic code and the process by which \(\mathrm{RNA}\) is transcribed on a DNA template.
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