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Chapter 12: Problem 5

In the cells of some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. This will result in (A) cells with more than one nucleus. (B) cells that are unusually small. (C) cells lacking nuclei. (D) cell cycles lacking an S phase.

Short Answer

Expert verified
The result is cells with more than one nucleus, so the correct answer is (A).

Step by step solution

01

Understand Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis is the process of nuclear division where one nucleus divides into two, maintaining the chromosome number. Cytokinesis is the process where the cell cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells.
02

Identify the Consequence of Mitosis Without Cytokinesis

In the scenario where mitosis occurs without cytokinesis, the nucleus would divide, but the cell itself would not split into two separate cells.
03

Determine the Result in Terms of Nuclei

Since the cell is not dividing its cytoplasm but the nucleus has divided, the resulting cell will have multiple nuclei within one cell membrane.
04

Select the Correct Answer

Given the information, the correct choice is (A) cells with more than one nucleus.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

Nuclear Division
Nuclear division is the process by which a single nucleus divides into two nuclei. This is done to ensure that each new cell has the same genetic material.
The most common form of nuclear division is mitosis.
During mitosis, a single cell goes through several stages:
  • Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
  • Telophase: New nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes.
Nuclear division is crucial for growth, development, and tissue repair.
It ensures that the genetic information is accurately passed on to the daughter cells.
Cytoplasmic Division
Cytoplasmic division, also known as cytokinesis, occurs after nuclear division.
It is the process where the cytoplasm of a parent cell is divided into two daughter cells.
This ensures that each new cell has its own set of organelles and sufficient cytoplasmic material.
Cytokinesis usually starts during the late stages of mitosis:
  • A contractile ring made of actin filaments forms around the middle of the cell.
  • The ring contracts, pinching the cell into two separate cells.
Without cytokinesis, cells remain as a single entity with multiple nuclei, which can have various implications on cell function and organization.
It is the combination of both nuclear and cytoplasmic division that completes the cell cycle.
Multinucleated Cells
Multinucleated cells are cells that contain more than one nucleus within a single cell membrane.
These cells form when mitosis occurs without cytokinesis.
As discussed, mitosis ensures the distribution of chromosomes, but if the cytoplasm doesn't divide, all nuclei remain within one cell.
Multinucleated cells can be found naturally in some organisms and tissues such as:
  • Skeletal muscle cells: These cells are large and require multiple nuclei to manage their extensive cytoplasm.
  • Fungal cells: Some fungi naturally have multinucleated cells as part of their life cycle.
In other cases, multinucleated cells can result from a mutation or abnormality in the cell cycle.
Despite their unusual appearance, multinucleated cells function similarly to regular cells but have increased nuclear resources to support a larger cell size.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA. In a short essay (100-150 words), explain how the process of mitosis faithfully parcels out exact copies of this heritable information in the production of genetically identical daughter cells.

The result of mitosis is that the daughter cells end up with the same number of chromosomes that the parent cell had. Another potential way to maintain the number of chromosomes would be to carry out cell division first and then duplicate the chromosomes in each daughter cell. Assess whether this would be an equally good way of organizing the cell cycle. Explain why evolution has not led to this alternative.

One difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells (A) are unable to synthesize DNA. (B) are arrested at the Sphase of the cell cycle. (C) continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together. (D) cannot function properly because they are affected by density-dependent inhibition.

Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer. Because it interferes with the assembly of microtubules, its effectiveness must be related to (A) disruption of mitotic spindle formation. (B) suppression of cyclin production. (C) myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formation. (D) inhibition of DNA synthesis.

Draw one eukaryotic chromosome as it would appear during interphase, during each of the stages of mitosis, and during cytokinesis. Also draw and label the nuclear envelope and any microtubules attached to the chromosome(s).
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