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Chapter 18: Q18.4-2CC. (page 386)


Explain how the signaling molecules released by an embryonic cell can induce changes in a neighboring cell without entering the cell. (See Figures 11.15 and 11.16.)

Short Answer

Expert verified

Signaling molecules can induce changes in neighboring cells by binding with the receptors on these cells. It can trigger a signal transduction pathway that involves many molecules in the cells like secondary messengers and transcription factors. Finally, it affects the gene expression of the signal-receiving cells.

Step by step solution

01

Signaling molecules

Signaling molecules that are released by cells are very small and soluble molecules that are called ligands. These can trigger a signal transduction pathway in the neighboring cells by binding the receptors present on their membranes. A specific signal binds with a specific receptor.

02

Step 2: Signal transduction pathway

Cells can receive and process the signals released by other cells or the outer environment. For this purpose, they have receptors that are generally found as transmembrane proteins and transmit the message through a sequence of molecules to the internal signaling pathway.

03

Step 3: Signal transduction pathway in embryonic cells

Signals released by embryonic cells can initiate a signal transduction pathway that regulates the activity of genes in the nucleus of neighboring cells.

The signals make a phosphorylation cascade in the molecule switches and transcription factors that affect the gene expression of neighboring cells, thereby altering their activity.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Do the data suggest that any of these possible control elements are actual control elements? Explain.

(a) Did deletion of any of the possible control elements cause a reduction in reporter gene expression? If so, which one (s), and how can you tell? (b) If loss of a control element causes a reduction in gene expression, what must be the normal role of that control element? Provide a biological explanation for how the loss of such a control element could lead to a reduction in gene expression.

The flashlight fish has an organ under its eyethat emits light, which servers to startle predators and attract prey, and allows the fish to communicate with other fish. Some species can rotate the organ inside and then out, so the light appears to flash on and off. The light is actually emitted by bacteria (of the genus Vibrio) that live in the organ in a mutualistic relationship with the fish. (The bacteria receive nutrients from the fish). The bacteria must multiply until they reach a certain density in the organ (a "quorum"; see Chapter 11.1), at which point they all begin emitting light at the same time. There is a group of six or so genes, called lux genes, whose gene products are necessary for light formation. Given that these bacterial genes are regulated together, propose a hypothesis for how the genes are organized and regulated.

Which of the following is an example of post-transcriptional control of gene expression?

(A) the addition of methyl group to cytosine bases of DNA

(B) the binding of transcription factors to a promoter

(C) the removal of introns and alternative splicing of exons

(D) gene amplification contributing to cancer

As you learned in Chapter 12, mitosis gives rise to two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. Yet you, the product of many mitotic divisions, are not composed of identical, zygote-like cells. Why?
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