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Chapter 27: Q27.4-1CC (page 571)

Explain how molecular systematics and metagenomics have contributed to our understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of prokaryotes

Short Answer

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Metagenomics and molecular systematics help to understand the microbial world that can change the understanding of the entire living system by its ability to reveal the unknown diversity of microbes.

They help researchers to investigate microbial communities in their natural habitat. Metagenomics can also study complex ecosystem processes such as horizontal gene transfer, phage-host dynamics, and metabolic complementation.

Step by step solution

01

Role of metagenomics

Metagenomics permits the research on all microorganisms; even if they are not cultured, the analysis of genetic data can be received directly from the environment. This allows for the identification of species and the extraction of data about microbial functionality.

02

Role of molecular systematics

The role of molecular systematics in evolution is to study the relationship between organisms and species based on their phylogeny. The purpose of systematic research is to understand the evolution of organisms and the processes leading to biodiversity.

03

Metagenomics and molecular systematics in understanding phylogeny 

Metagenomics was established as a result of the discovery that uncultured bacteria make up the vast proportion of life in most ecosystems on Earth.Metagenomics and molecular markers are considered the second stage of technological advancement, allowing researchers to better understand prokaryotes' physiology and ecology.

The first bacteriorhodopsin of bacterial origin, novel small compounds with antimicrobial action, and new members of recognized protein families, such as DNA polymerase, and antibiotic resistance determinants, were all identified using metagenomics.

Thus, metagenomics and molecular systematics provide a significant contribution in understanding the phylogeny and evolution of prokaryotes.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Suggest a hypothesis to explain why the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts resemble those of cyanobacteria. Refer to Figures 6.18 and 26.21.

Figure 26.21

Figure 6.18

A bacterium requires only the amino acid methionine as an organic nutrient and lives in lightless caves. What mode of nutrition does it employ? Explain.

The standard error (SE), which indicates how greatly the mean would likely vary if the experiment was repeated, is calculated as:\({\rm{SE}} = \,\frac{s}{{\sqrt n }}\).

As a rough rule of thumb, if an experiment were to be repeated, the new mean typically would lie within two standard errors of the original mean (that is, within the range of\(\overline x \, \pm \,2{\rm{SE}}\)). Calculate\(\overline x \, \pm \,2{\rm{SE}}\)for each treatment, determine whether these ranges overlap, and interpret your results.

Treatment

Dose (mg/kg)

Log of number

of colonies

Mean (\(\overline x \,\))

\({x_i}\, - \,\overline x \)

Standard deviation (s)

SE

Control

-

9.0,9.5,9.0,8.9

9.1

(-0.1), 0.4, (-0.1), (-0.2)

0.270

0.135

Vancomycin

1.0

8.5,8.4,8.2

8.36

0.14, 0.04, (-0.16)

0.152

0.087

5.0

5.3,5.9,4.7

5.3

0, 0.6, (-0.6)

0.6

0.346

Teixobactin

1.0

8.5,6.0,8.4,6.0

7.22

1.28, (-1.22), 1.18, (-1,22)

1.14

0.57

5.0

3.8,4.9,5.2,4.9

4.7

(-0.9), 0.2,0.5, 0.2

0.616

0.308

Which of the following statements is not true?

(A) Archaea and bacteria have different membrane lipids.

(B) The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan.

(C) Only bacteria have histones associated with DNA.

(D) Only some archaea use CO2to oxidize H2, releasing methane.

Distinguish between the four major modes of nutrition, noting which are unique to prokaryotes.
See all solutions

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