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Chapter 51: Q51-6TYU (page 1159)

Which of the following is not required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?

(A) In each individual, the form of the behavior is determined entirely by genes.

(B) The behavior varies among individuals.

(C) An individual鈥檚 reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed.

(D) Some component of the behavior is genetically inherited.

Short Answer

Expert verified

  1. The statement 鈥渋n each individual, the form of the behavior is determined entirely by genes鈥� istrue.

  2. The statement 鈥渢he behavior varies among individuals鈥� isfalse.

  3. The statement 鈥渁n individual鈥檚 reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed鈥� is false.

  4. The statement 鈥渟ome component of the behavior is genetically inherited鈥� is false.

Step by step solution

01

Ethology

Ethology is a discipline of biological science that focuses on animal behavior. Animal communication, behavioral patterns, and sociobiology are some of the significant broad subjects of ethology.

The behavioral study of animals in ethology is scientific and gives answers for complex natural phenomena. It also helps to understand the process of behavioral evolution in humans.

02

Explanation of option ‘(A)’

Innate behavior is independent of natural selection. It is present in an individual from birth. However, all the traits are inherited through the process of natural selection. When genes entirely determine the behavior, it does not get selected by nature again.

Therefore, when behavior is genetic, it does not require evolution by natural selection.

Thus, the statement is true.

03

Explanation of option ‘(B)’

Innate behavior is similar in a population and does not vary. The environment entirely determines adaptive behavior, and it differs among individuals. The different behaviors adapted by individuals are developed as per their necessity due to natural selection.

Therefore, distinct adaptive behavior in a population evolves by natural selection.

Thus, the given statement is false.

04

Explanation of option ‘(C)’

Adaptive behavior, which is developed eventually to increase relative fitness, undergoes natural selection. If the traits assist in the better adaptation of a population, those traits are transferred to the next generation.

Therefore, the components of genes responsible for behavioral traits and adaptive behavior evolve by natural selection.

Thus, the given statement is false.

05

Explanation of option ‘(D)’

The behavior which is developed later by the force of natural selection also transfers genetically as its components. The heritable traits or behavior only move to the next generation.

Therefore, the components of genetically inherited behavior are evolved by the force of natural selection.

Thus, the given statement is false.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Balancing selection can maintain variation at a locus (see Concept 23.4). Based on the foraging experiments described in this chapter, devise a simple hypothesis to explain the presence of both for R and s alleles in natural fly populations.

Suppose an individual organism aids the survival and reproductive success of the offspring of its sibling. How might this behavior result in indirect selection for certain genes carried by that individual?

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?

(A) Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes.

(B) They occur with or without environmental stimuli.

(C) They are expressed in most individuals in a population.

(D) They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals.

You are considering two optimal foraging models for the behavior of a mussel-feeding shorebird, the oystercatcher. In model A, the energetic reward increases solely with mussel size. In model B, you take into consideration that larger mussels are more difficult to open. Draw a graph of reward (energy benefit on a scale of 0鈥�10) versus mussel length (scale of 0鈥�70 mm) for each model. Assume that mussels under 10 mm provide no benefit and are ignored by the birds. Also assume that mussels start becoming difficult to open when they reach 40 mm in length and impossible to open when 70 mm long. Considering the graphs you have drawn, indicate what observations and measurements you would want to make in this shorebird鈥檚 habitat to help determine which model is more accurate.

Compare the drop height preferred by crows with the graph of total flight height for the platform drops. Are the data consistent with the hypothesis of optimal foraging? Explain.
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