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Chapter 8: Q1. (page 153)

How does ATP typically transfer energy from an exergonic to an endergonic reaction in the cell?

Short Answer

Expert verified

ATP transfers a phosphate group to the reacting molecule of the endergonic reaction. The energy from the phosphate group drives the endergonic process. This way, ATP transfers energy from an exergonic to an endergonic reaction.

Step by step solution

01

Structure of ATP molecule

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) consists of a ribose sugar, an adenine base, and three phosphate groups. The three phosphate groups are attached through phosphoanhydride bonds.

ATP hydrolysis involves the breaking of a phosphoanhydride bond that removes a phosphate group releasing free energy. As a result of ATP hydrolysis, ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and Pi (inorganic phosphate) are produced.

02

ATP couples exergonic and endergonic reactions

The exergonic reaction releases energy, whereas the endergonic reaction absorbs energy. Thus, exergonic reactions are coupled to endergonic reactions. This is because endergonic reactions use the energy released by exergonic reactions.

The cells in the body couple exergonic and endergonic reactions using ATP hydrolysis because the energy released during ATP hydrolysis drives unfavorable reactions in the cell.

03

Phosphorylation of reactant molecule drives the endergonic reaction

ATP involves phosphorylation, where the Pi released on ATP hydrolysis is transferred to a reactant molecule. The phosphate group covalently binds to the reactant molecule and is called phosphorylated intermediate.

The phosphorylated molecule has a higher energy level than its unphosphorylated form. This additional energy drives the endergonic reaction. Thus, ATP transfers energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions in the form of phosphorylation.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

A mature lysosome has an internal pH of around 4.5. Using Figure 8.17b as a guide, draw a graph showing what you would predict for a lysosomal enzyme's reaction rate. Label its optimal pH, assuming its optimal pH matches its environment.

Question: If an enzyme in solution is saturated with substrate, the most effective way to obtain a faster yield of products is to

  1. add more of the enzyme
  2. heat the solution to 90掳C.
  3. add more substrate
  4. add a non-competitive inhibitor

Question: If an enzyme is added to a solution where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, what will occur?

  1. Additional substrate will be formed.
  2. The reaction will change from endergonic to exergonic.
  3. The free energy of the system will change.
  4. Nothing; the reaction will stay at equilibrium.

Question: Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as __________ is to _________.

  1. exergonic; spontaneous
  2. exergonic; endergonic
  3. free energy; entropy
  4. work;energy

Examine your graph and look for patterns in the data. (a) Does the concentration of Pi increase evenly through the course of the experiment? To answer this question, describe the pattern you see in the graph. (b) What part of the graph shows the highest rate of enzyme activity? Consider that the rate of enzyme activity is related to the slope of the line, 螖y/ 螖x (the 鈥渞ise鈥� over the 鈥渞un鈥�), in 碌mol/(mL螄min), with the steepest slope indicating the highest rate of enzyme activity. Calculate the rate of enzyme activity (slope) where the graph is steepest. (c) Can you think of a biological explanation for the pattern you see?
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