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Chapter 9: Problem 18

Yeast releasing mating factor can be classified as which type of signal? a. autocrine b. endocrine c. paracrine d. gap junction

Short Answer

Expert verified
c. paracrine

Step by step solution

01

Understand the Types of Signals

There are several types of signaling: autocrine, endocrine, paracrine, and gap junction. Autocrine signaling affects the same cell that releases the signal. Endocrine signaling involves hormones released into the bloodstream affecting distant cells. Paracrine signaling affects nearby cells, while gap junctions allow direct transfer of signals between neighboring cells.
02

Analyze the Given Problem

The problem involves yeast releasing mating factor. Mating factors in yeast are chemical signals released to communicate with nearby yeast cells to initiate the mating process.
03

Determine the Correct Signal Type

Since yeast mating factors affect nearby cells, the correct type of signaling should be paracrine, as it involves the signal affecting nearby cells.
04

Select the Correct Answer

Therefore, the correct answer is (c) paracrine.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

autocrine signaling
Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell releases a signal that it itself responds to. This type of signaling is common in cells that need to amplify a response. One example is seen in immune cells, where a cell might release a cytokine that it responds to, enhancing its own activity. This self-stimulatory mechanism is crucial in various biological processes, including growth and immune response.

Key Points:
  • Signal produced by the same cell it affects
  • Common in immune and growth-related processes
  • Functions include self-stimulation and response amplification
endocrine signaling
Endocrine signaling involves hormones that are released into the bloodstream and travel to distant cells. This type of communication is essential for coordinating complex body functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Unlike paracrine or autocrine signaling, endocrine signals can affect cells throughout the entire body. Examples include insulin management of blood sugar and thyroid hormones regulating metabolism.

Key Points:
  • Hormones released into the bloodstream
  • Affects distant cells
  • Regulates body-wide processes
paracrine signaling
Paracrine signaling occurs when a cell releases a signal that impacts nearby cells. This form of signaling does not affect the releasing cell nor does it send signals through the bloodstream. Instead, it focuses on nearby or local signaling. In the context of yeast, mating factors are a perfect example of paracrine signaling. These chemical signals are released by yeasts to initiate mating with neighboring yeast cells.

Key Points:
  • Affects nearby cells
  • Important for local cellular coordination
  • Includes signals like yeast mating factors
gap junctions
Gap junctions are specialized structures that allow direct communication between neighboring cells. These junctions form channels that permit the exchange of ions, metabolites, and small molecules from one cell to another. This type of signaling is fast because it does not rely on extracellular diffusion. Gap junctions are very important in cardiac muscle cells where they enable coordinated and rhythmic contractions.

Key Points:
  • Direct cell-to-cell communication
  • Involves exchange of ions and small molecules
  • Crucial for functions like heart muscle coordination

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Most popular questions from this chapter

Cells grown in the laboratory are mixed with a dye molecule that is unable to pass through the plasma membrane. If a ligand is added to the cells, the dye is observed entering the cells. What type of receptor did the ligand bind to on the cell surface? a. G-protein-linked R receptor b. ligand-gated ion channel c. voltage-gated ion channel d. receptor tyrosine kinase

Cancer cells that continue to divide when defective often show changes in what cellular function? a. apoptosis b. their mechanism of glycolysis c. the mechanism of protein biosynthesis d. replication of DNA

Explain how a chemical that blocks the binding of E G F to the E G F R would interfere with the replication of cancerous cells that over express E G F R. a. It will activate the E G F R pathway. b. It will block the E G F R pathway. c. It will have no effect and the E G F R pathway will continue normally d. It will lead to over expression of the E G F R pathway

Why are ion channels necessary to transport ions into or out of a cell? a. Ions are too large to diffuse through the membrane. b. Ions are charged particles and cannot diffuse through the hydrophobic interior of the membrane. c. Ions bind to hydrophobic molecules within the ion channels. d. Ions bind to carrier proteins in the bloodstream, which must be removed before transport into the cell.

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