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Chapter 9: Problem 18
Yeast releasing mating factor can be classified as which type of signal? a. autocrine b. endocrine c. paracrine d. gap junction
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What are the differences between internal receptors and cell-surface receptors? a. Internal receptors bind to ligands that are hydrophobic and the ligand- receptor complex directly enters the nucleus, initiating transcription and translation. Cell surface receptors bind to hydrophilic ligands and initiate a signaling cascade that indirectly influences the making of a functional protein. b. Internal receptors bind to ligands that are hydrophilic and ligand-receptor complex directly enters the nucleus, initiating transcription and translation. Cell-surface receptors bind to hydrophobic ligands and initiate a signaling cascade that indirectly influences the making of a functional protein. c. Internal receptors bind to ligands that are hydrophobic and initiate the signaling cascade that indirectly influences the making of a functional protein. Cell-surface receptors bind to hydrophilic ligands and a ligand- receptor complex directly enters the nucleus, initiating transcription and translation. d. Internal receptors are integral membrane proteins that bind to hydrophobic ligands, initiating a signaling cascade, which indirectly influences the making of a functional protein. Cell-surface receptors bind to hydrophilic ligands and the ligand-receptor complex directly enters the nucleus, initiating transcription and translation.
Thyroid hormone is a lipid-soluble signal molecule that crosses the membrane of all cells. Why would a cell fail to respond to the thyroid hormone? a. The M A P K cascade leading to cell activation is defective in the target cells. b. The DNA sequence it binds to underwent a mutation. c. There is no intra cellular receptor for thyroid hormone in the cell. d. The second messenger does not recognize the signal from the receptor.
The R A S protein is a G-protein connected with the response to RTKs that initiates the M A P K kinase cascade when GDP is released and G T P uploaded. Mutations in the R A S protein which interfere with its GTPase activity are common in cancer. Evaluate the connection between the inability of R A S to hydrolyze G T P and uncontrolled cell proliferation. a. R A S, when bound to G T P, becomes permanently inactive even in the presence of the ligand, and no longer regulates cell division. b. R A S, when bound to G T P, becomes permanently active even in the absence of the ligand, and no longer regulates cell division. c. R A S, when bound to G T P, forms a dimer after binding to the ligand, and causes uncontrolled division, but it remains inactive when the ligand is absent. d. R A S, when bound to G T P, does not form a dimer after binding to the ligand but stimulates downstream signaling to occur and causes uncontrolled cell division.
If a chemical is an inhibitor of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, which of the following steps in the G-protein signaling pathway would be blocked? a. activation of gene transcription b. exchange of G T P for GDP c. ligand bound receptor activation of G-protein d. synthesis of cAMP
The gas nitric oxide has been identified as a signaling molecule. Which of the following mechanisms of action would you expect from a gaseous molecule? a. It binds to a G-protein-linked receptor. b. It binds to a receptor tyrosine kinase. c. It binds to a gated ion channel. d. It binds to an intracellular receptor
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