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Chapter 9: Problem 15

Epinephrine mediates the fight-or-fight response of the body. One of the effects is to increase the amount of glucose available to muscles. What does the signaling pathway triggered by epinephrine cause to occur in liver cells? a. activation of metabolism b. cell division c. inhibition of glucose metabolism by liver cells d. synthesis of enzymes

Short Answer

Expert verified
a. activation of metabolism

Step by step solution

01

Understand the context

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, mediates the fight-or-flight response, which prepares the body to either confront or flee from a threat. One key effect is making more glucose available for muscle use.
02

Identify the primary role of liver cells

The liver has a significant role in glucose metabolism. Specifically, it stores glucose in the form of glycogen and releases glucose into the bloodstream as needed.
03

Determine what epinephrine triggers in liver cells

When epinephrine is released, it triggers a cascade of reactions in liver cells that result in the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. This process is known as glycogenolysis.
04

Analyze the options

a. Activation of metabolism - Too broadb. Cell division - Not related to immediate energy needsc. Inhibition of glucose metabolism by liver cells - Incorrect, glucose needs to be mobilized d. Synthesis of enzymes - Not the primary action in this context
05

Select the correct answer

Since the signaling pathway causes glycogen breakdown to release glucose, this means epinephrine's effect involves the activation of metabolism processes relevant to glucose availability.

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Key Concepts

These are the key concepts you need to understand to accurately answer the question.

fight-or-flight response
The fight-or-flight response is a critical survival mechanism in humans and many animals. This response, triggered by the hormone epinephrine (also known as adrenaline), prepares the body to face a threat or run away from it. When you sense danger, your brain signals the adrenal glands to release epinephrine into the bloodstream.

This release causes several changes in your body:
  • Heart rate increases to pump more blood
  • Breathing becomes faster to take in more oxygen
  • Pupils dilate for better vision
  • Glucose is released into the bloodstream for quick energy
All these changes help you react swiftly and efficiently to danger. So, the fight-or-flight response involves both physiological and biochemical changes, making more energy available to muscles.
glucose metabolism
Glucose metabolism refers to the process by which the body uses glucose for energy. Glucose is a simple sugar that's a key source of energy for cells. Your body gets glucose primarily from carbohydrates in the food you eat.

The liver plays a central role in glucose metabolism. It stores glucose as glycogen and can break down glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream when needed. This process ensures that your cells always have enough energy to function.

When epinephrine is released during the fight-or-flight response, it signals the liver to break down glycogen through a process called glycogenolysis. This provides a rapid supply of glucose to your muscles, enhancing your ability to react during stressful situations.
glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis is the biochemical process of breaking down glycogen into glucose. Glycogen is a stored form of glucose found in the liver and muscles. When your body needs a quick supply of energy, it triggers glycogenolysis.

The process starts when epinephrine binds to receptors on liver cells, initiating a signaling pathway. This pathway activates enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of glycogen.
This provides a rapid release of glucose into the bloodstream, making it available for muscles to use.

Glycogenolysis is especially important during the fight-or-flight response, ensuring that your muscles have the energy they need to respond quickly to danger. This process is regulated tightly to balance energy supply and demand effectively.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

What property enables the residues of the amino acids serine, threonine, and tyrosine to be phosphorylated? a. They are polar. b. They are nonpolar. c. They contain a hydroxyl group. d. They occur more frequently in the amino acid sequence of signaling proteins

Thyroid hormone is a lipid-soluble signal molecule that crosses the membrane of all cells. Why would a cell fail to respond to the thyroid hormone? a. The M A P K cascade leading to cell activation is defective in the target cells. b. The DNA sequence it binds to underwent a mutation. c. There is no intra cellular receptor for thyroid hormone in the cell. d. The second messenger does not recognize the signal from the receptor.

Upon ingestion of bacteria, white blood cells release a chemical messenger into the blood stream that causes the synthesis of inflammation response proteins by liver cells. What is this is an example of? a. auto crine signaling b. endocrine signaling c. para crine signaling d. synaptic signaling

How does the extracellular matrix control the growth of cells? a. Contact of receptors with the extracellular matrix maintains equilibrium of the cell and provides optimal pH for the growth of the cells. b. Contact of the receptor with the extracellular matrix helps maintain concentration gradients across membrane, resulting in the flow of ions. c. The extracellular matrix provides nutrients for the cell. d. The extracellular matrix connects the cell to the external environment and ensures correct positioning of the cell to prevent metastasis.

Give an example for each one of the following effects of a cell signal: on protein expression, cellular metabolism, and cell division. a. protein expression: binding of epinephrine (adrenaline) to a G-protein- linked receptor; cellular metabolism: the MAP-kinase cascade; cell division: promoted by the binding of the E G F to its receptor tyrosine kinase b. protein expression: the MAP-kinase cascade; cellular metabolism- binding of epinephrine (adrenaline) to a G-protein-linked receptor; cell division promoted by the binding of the EGF to its receptor tyrosine kinase c. protein expression: binding of the E G F to its receptor tyrosine kinase; cellular metabolism: the MAP-kinase cascade; cell division: FASRAS signaling. d. protein expression: RAS signaling; cellular metabolism: binding of the EGF to its receptor tyrosine kinase promotes an increase; cell division: binding of epinephrine (adrenaline) to a G-protein-linked receptor.
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